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Phosphorus Utilization from Rock Phosphate by Maize Zea Mays L. Through Integrated Organic Manures

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Sabah, Noor-Us-

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sargodha

City

Sargodha

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Soil Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10063/1/Noor%20us%20Sabah_Soil%20Sci_2018_UoSargodha_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726888670

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Pakistan is a subtropical, semiarid country of 79.61 M ha area, which relies heavily on agricultural production to supply food for its rapidly increasing population of over 135 million. The country is divided into four regions, two of which contain the majority of the flat topographic plains having the bulk of 21 M ha of cultivated land. There are two general cropping seasons in tropical flat plains of Pakistan i.e. Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer) season. Cotton, maize, rice and wheat are the main crops of Pakistan. Majority of Pakistani soils are calcareous and alkaline with pH in the range 7.5 to 9.5. These soils reduce the availability of P considerably as P is converted to insoluble forms at this pH. Overall, P fertilizer application to Pakistani soils is inadequate. Energy crisis, high prices of phosphatic fertilizers and their shortage at peak crop requirement has become a serious issue in Pakistan. Rock phosphate (RP) has low bio-solubility of about 0.1 % under alkaline conditions if applied directly. Therefore, bio-solubilization RP to release P needs to be boosted up using some innovative approaches. Pakistan by default contains considerable quantity of economical reasonable quality RP in Abbottabad and Haripur districts. However, extensive scientific work is needed so that local rock phosphate may be used for P nutrition. Under this research plan four consecutive experimental units were performed to enhance total and water soluble P content in RP. In the first study, local and imported rock phosphates in combination with different materials of organic nature were applied. The purpose of above research proposal was to explore role of organic materials for P release from local & imported RP and P uptake by maize crop. Maximum solubilization of P was achieved when filter cake press mud (FCP) was applied in combination with rock phosphate. The 2nd study comprised of 7 treatments with three replications. Use of dewaxed filter cake press mud was evaluated as most suitable source of local rock phosphate. Third study of this research proposal comprised of 7 treatments which were replicated thrice. Combined use of FCP with RPR and TSP performed better than their individual use. Use of organic amendment improved soil organic carbon fraction of soil compared to control. The 4th study was conducted in the field using RCBD with five treatments. Exogenous application of FCP along with indigenous Hazara rock phosphate RPR and NK proved as better nutritional source compared to control. Further, application of selected organic manure (dewaxed filter cake press mud) improved soil organic carbon fraction in similar environment condition.
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92. Al-Layl/The Night

92. Al-Layl/The Night

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

92:01
a. By the night when it covers,

92:02
a. and the daylight when it reveals its brightness.

92:03
a. And the One WHO created the male and the female.

92:04
a. Indeed, your endeavors in this life are diverse.

92:05
a. Consequently, as for the one who:
- gives out in the Cause of Allah, and
- fears Allah’s disobedience, and
92:06
a. affirms what is good/the best outcome of the righteous.

92:07
a. WE shall facilitate his way towards the state of ease- the paradise.

92:08
a. But as for the one who:
- is miserly with what is due to Allah, and
- considers oneself above the need of HIS bounties, and

92:09
a. denies and belies what is beautiful/the best,

92:10
a. for him WE shall facilitate the way towards the state of hardship - distress of Hell.

92:11
a. And his amassing of wealth will not benefit him when he perishes.

Surah 92 * Al-Layl 741

92:12
a. Surely, it is upon US to guide,

92:13
a. and, indeed, to US belong the end of this life and the beginning of the next life.

92:14
a. So I warn you all of a Blazing Fire,

92:15
a. which none will experience it except the most wretched of all people:

92:16
a. the one who would persistently deny and belie...

Art and Architecture as A Space for Kalash Identity (A Case Study of Bumburet Valley in District Chitral Pakistan)

The present study was conducted in Bumburet valley of Kalash, District Chitral, Pakistan. The key technique used for data collection was participant observation in which the researcher lived in the community, observed and documented their cultural patterns as an indicator of their traditional culture which includes religious songs, folklore, dress, art and crafts, as a basis for identity. The basic purpose of the study was to understand the role and significance of arts and architecture as a prime tool for establishing identity for the conventional people of Kalash. The people of Kalash have managed to maintain their identity through their unique arts and crafts. Tradition resists change and most often remains unaltered in a static spatial arrangement. The changes which incorporate in Kalash traditions may find their way through peripheral adjustments. The traditions in art and crafts are scanty to find and the present artifacts does not throw any light on their origin. The art and architecture available signify their unique ways, and tradition which is definitely different from the other ethnic tribes in the shared geographical arrangement. The Kalash ethnic identity has faced several challenges like colonization in the past and modernization and technological advancement and conversion to Islam in the present. The Kalash insist on keeping their self-identity as well as participating in modernity. They have maintained their centuries old traditional culture, despite the fact of current globalization, and modernization.

Gyrotactic Bioconvection Flow of a Nanofluid Past an Uneven Surface

In this thesis Mathematical models for Gyrotactic bioconvection are developed for diferent uids using variable surfaces. The surfaces includes Vertical Wavy surface , vertical isothermal surface and a stretching surface. The Fluids under consideration are Nano uid , dusty nano uid , Oldroyed-B uid and Maxwell uid. Some important physical quantities such as Magneto hydrodynamics , thermal radiation are included for experimental and physical analysis. Some salient physical quantities such as heat transfer and mass transfer are included for engineering process. In Chapter 01 some basic terms of , governing equations , dimensionless numbers and the methodologies which are used in later chapters are presented. Introduction , history and applications of the work is given in Chapter 02. In Chapter 03 analysis of a nano uid bioconvection ow with heat and mass transfer of a water-based nano uid containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a vertical wavy surface is investigated. The coupled nonlinear set of equations comprised of velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration and density of microorganisms is solved numerically by using implicit nite di erence method. Flow characteristics are obtained in terms of skin friction coe cient, Nusselt number, Sherwood number and density number of microorganisms coe cient and are presented graphically by varying several controlling parameters. Interesting observations are recorded for the parameters: Nr, Lb and Rb. It is observed that the amplitude of the wavy surface has pronounced in uence on the rates of heat and mass transfer, skin friction coe cient and density number of the microorganisms coe cient and all these quantities get augmented as the amplitude increases. The aim of present chapter 04 is to establish the detailed numerical results for bio- convection boundary-layer ow of two-phase dusty nano uid. The dusty uid contains gyrotactic microorganisms along an isothermally heated vertical wall. The physical mechanisms responsible for the slip velocity between the dusty uid and nanoparticles, such as thermophoresis and Brownian motion, are included in this study. The in uence of the dusty nano uid on heat transfer and ow characteristics are investigated in this chapter. The governing equations for two-phase model are non-dimensionalized and then solved numerically via two-pointnite di erence method together with the tri- diagonal solver. Results are presented graphically for wall skin friction coe cient, rate of heat transfer, velocity and temperature pro les and streamlines and isotherms. To ensure the accuracy, the computational results are compared with available data and are found in good agreement. The key observation from present analysis is that the mass concentration parameter, D , extensively promotes the rate of heat transfer, Qw, whereas, the wall skin friction coe cient,w, is reduced by loading the dust parameters in water based dusty nano uid. Chapter 05 discusses the three-dimensional ow the gyrotactic bioconvection of an Oldroyd-B nano uid over a stretching surface. Theory of microorganisms is utilized to stabilize the suspended nanoparticles through bioconvection induced by the e ects of buoyancy forces. Analytic solution for the governing nonlinear equations is obtained by using homotopy analysis method (HAM). The e ects of involved parameters on ve- locity, temperature, nanoparticles concentration and density of motile microorganisms are discussed graphically. The local Nusselt, Sherwood and motile micro-organisms numbers are also analyzed graphically. Several known results have been pointed out as the particular cases of the present analysis. It is found that the non-Newtonian uid parameters i.e. relaxation time parameter1 and retardation time parameter2 have opposite e ects on the velocity pro le. The velocity of the uid and boundary layer thickness decreases for increasing relaxation time while it decreases for increasing retardation time e ects. In Chapter 06 the three-dimensional ow of Maxwell nano uid containing gyro- tactic micro-organisms over a stretching surface. The e ects of magneticeld and heat source/sink are also considered. Theory of microorganisms is utilized to stabilize the suspended nanoparticles through bioconvection induced by the e ects of buoyancy forces. Analytic solution for the governing nonlinear equations is obtained by using ho- motopy analysis method (HAM). The e ects of Deborah number, Hartmann number, mixed convection parameter, buoyancy ratio parameter, bioconvection Rayeigh num- ber, stretcing ratio parameter, brownian di usion and thermophoresis di usion param- eters, Prandtl number, Schmidth number, bioconvection Lewis number, bioconvection Peclet number and the micro-organisms concentration di erence parameter on veloc- ity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration and density of motile microorganisms are discussed graphically. The local Nusselt, Sherwood and motile micro-organisms num- bers are also analyzed graphically. Several known results have been pointed out as the particular cases of the present analysis.