العقوبات المالیة وسقوطها فی ضوء القرآن والسنة والقانون الوضعی

Allah has established punishments for many sins in this world. The one who goes through these punishments during his lifetime will be exempted in the next world. These punishments are implemented through "atonement", "qiṣāṣ", "blood money", "imprisonment", "salb (administrative boundaries)". According to Islamic jurisprudence the judge administers, many physical punishments for the criminal, according to the best of his knowledge. Muslim Jurists and scholars divided these punishments into four categories: Taking in custody Imprisonment Reprimand or chastisement Counseling

Vegetation Analysis, Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan

Deosai Plateau is one of the most important alpine ecosystems in Pakistan. It was declared as Deosai National Park in 1993 to protect its unique ecology with Himalayan Brown Bear as the flagship species. The alpine flora and ecological characters of Deosai Plateau, important environmental variables responsible for species distribution, life forms, chorology and vegetation structure, analysis on pasture conditions and trends, biomass productivity and carrying capacity were studied. Possible influences of grazing on alpine grasslands were also investigated. Key issues of pasture use have been incorporated in the study with a variety of recommendations. Vegetation sampling was carried out through line transect and quadrat method, covering major habitats and elevation ranges for measurement of species composition and their relationship with environmental variables. Hierarchical cluster analysis technique of Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) was used for vegetation classification in the first order. Relationship of alpine plant communities with environmental factors were studied through Ordination method of Deterrended Correspondence Analysis. One hundred and seventy five species, representing 111 genera and 37 families were found. Compositae and Ranunculaceae were the dominant families. Hemicryptophyte (71.4 %) and chamaephyte (14.9 %) were the dominant life forms of Deosai Plateau, suggesting the extreme weather conditions similar to arctic tundra. The flora was predominantly West Himalayan (31 %) and Himalayan (13 %), followed by Central Asian and Circumpolar elements (11 %). Six communities were differentiated on the basis of indicator species and justified in the ordination plots. Species diversity and richness were recorded highest in Carex-Agropyron-Koberesia community. The greatest dissimilarity was found between Artemisia-Polygonum-Thallictrum community and Agropyron- Festuca-Nepeta community with 95% dissimilarity. Each plant community showed a marked dissimilarity from others with more than 55% dissimilarity index. Senwai block showed highest diversity with a diversity index of 3.7 and species richness of 58 with low evenness score. Grassland vegetation data showed a total variance xv("inertia") of 8.58. Ordination axis; DCA1 and DCA2 accounted for a total of 12.27 % of the variance, with DCA1 explaining a high proportion (6.72%). Altitude and soil moisture had significant correlation with ordination axes. Elevation (ele), topographic wetness index (twi), cos-transformed aspect (aspv), soil brightness index (sbi) and slope were found significantly related with species turnover. Vegetation cover was higher on northern slopes at lower elevations in areas of relatively good soil moisture. The variables gvi, sbi, and twi had strong positive correlation, while savi, elevation and aspv had strong negative correlation with DCA1. The soil moisture factor along axis1 seems to be the decisive factor in vegetation distribution. gvi and slope variables showed strong negative relationship with DCA2. Assessment of pasture conditions through hyper-temporal vegetation indices of NDVI image series showed an overall 8-10 % retrogression of vegetation in productive grasslands. Regressive trend at minor intensity was observed throughout the productive grasslands of DNP with the exception of HBB core zone. The average biomass production in DNP was found 1243 kg/ha suggesting that DNP is currently having low biomass productivity. The average carrying capacity was found as 1.37 ha/A.U/3 months. Heavy influx of nomads with severe grazing problems, free grazing by peripheral communities mainly concentrated in north eastern parts with established permanent animal corals, extraction and unwise exploitation of fuelwood and medicinal plants although illegal under the law, unmanaged tourism, absence of incentives to buffer-zone communities and habitat fragmentation were identified as major issues of the park. Future studies on these issues, especially with relation to ecological health of the park and initiation of modern agri-silvi-pastoral initiatives in peripheral valleys, adapting pragmatic strategies to minimize and restrict nomadic grazing and implementation of a viable management plan with sufficient financial resources for the park authorities are strongly recommended.