Renewable energy resource exploration and utilization is inevitable in today’s world, especially, solar energy harvesting due to the alarming decay in other sources of energy with the passage of time. Solar energy had a tremendous potential to solve the energy catastrophes by means of photovoltaic technology. Achieving high threshold efficiency while keeping the expenditure cost of solar cells at minimum, are main objectives that needs to be confronted in order to overcome the world’s energy shortage. The third-generation solar cell technology, that includes; dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dots, perovskite and organic solar cells have gained great consideration due to their ease of manufacturing, economical prices, availability of numerous alternative materials at potentially lower cost, high threshold efficiency limit and exclusive applications. The present research is focused on the photoanode engineering for developing the lower cost higher efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell technology. For improving the efficiency of DSSC, the cell was fabricated employing silver nanoparticles doped commercially available high performance photoanode. The nanoparticles of silver were produced using the pulsed laser ablation technique. The I-V characteristics and impedance spectroscopic measurements were performed on the doped and undoped photoanode based devices. The nanoparticles doped photoanode based plasmonic DSSC exhibited about 46.3 % higher efficiency than the reference cell. This improved behavior of the plasmonic DSSC can be attributed to enhanced interfacial charge transfer, decrease of charge recombination, decrease of series resistance and plasmonic enhanced absorption of radiation by the dye. The impedance spectra also revealed higher photovoltaic performance of the plasmonic cell. High performance TiO2 photoanodes undoped and doped with silver nanoparticels of size about 15 nm were fabricated by chemical route and were employed in dye-sensitized solarcells (DSSCs). Current-voltage measurements were performed, and the electrical parameters of the fabricated cells were extracted from the current-voltage data that include open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, shunt resistance, series resistance, fill-factor, ideality factor and solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency. The comparison of parameters revealed improvement in both the photovoltaic and electrical parameters of the plasmonic cell. The conversion efficiency measured for the reference cell without Ag NPs in TiO2 was 7.43 %, whereas the efficiency of plasmonic device with TiO2:Ag NPs was 9.26 %, resulting an overall efficiency improvement of 23 % with Ag NPs. The increased performance of the plasmonic DSSC can be assigned to the improvement of its photovoltaic and electrical parameters. The improved short-circuit photocurrent density appears to be boosted due the enhanced light harvesting capability of the photoanode caused by the localized surface plasmon resonance effect induced in Ag nanoparticles. While, the rise in Voc can be credited to the upward shift of Fermi level of TiO2 due to the doping of Ag nanoparticles in TiO2 network. In another research undertaken, TiO2 photoanodes with and without a compact layer were fabricated. The photoanode with compact layer was further treated with TiCl4 and were utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Current-voltage studies were carried out under the illumination in standard conditions. From the current-voltage curves, the important electrical parameters of cell like open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency, series resistance, shunt resistance, and ideality factor were extracted and compared. The efficiency of the reference DSSC without the TiO2 compact layer and TiCl4 blocking layer was 4.13 %, while the efficiency of DSSC with the TiO2 compact layer and TiCl4 treated photoanode was 7.43 %, representing an efficiency enhancement of more than 80 %. The increased efficiency in the later DSSC can be assigned to the enhancement in overall parameters due to the addition of compact layer in the photoanode and treatment of photoanode with TiCl4. To enhance the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance employing a low cost and simple approach, devices were fabricated using N719 dye sensitized titania photoandes without and with diluted silver paste treatment. The current-voltage measurements and all other electrical parameters of cells were extracted. The comparison of the cell’s parameters shows an advancement in the modified device. The overall power conversion efficiency and the fill factor of the device made using treated photoanode were observed higher than the reference cell by 5 % and 3.7 % respectively while the value of shunt resistance was improved from 5.2 k to 13 k. The electrical properties, optical properties, structure and aggregation state of the dye have an influential effect on the solar cell. To utilize a well-designed sensitizing dye effectively and reduce the dye aggregation, the right amount and right solvent needs to be employed. Acetonitrile, t-butanol as solvents and dichloroacetone as an additive, mixed in proper amounts were utilized to make the solution of sensitizing black dye (N749). Fabrication and characterization of the DSSCs, based on TiO2 with N479 dye prepared in the above-mentioned solvents were carried out. The device using acetonitrile-butanol in a fixed ratio as a solvent along with DCA additive gives the highest power conversion efficiency, which was 81.74 % and 21.33 % higher as compared to the efficiencies of DSSC using only acetonitrile or acetonitrile/t-butanol respectively. This is accredited to the positive shift in conduction band edge, improving the electron’s drift velocity from the dye’s exited state to the TiO2 conduction band. Also, to the reduction in dye aggregation by the DCA additive.
Every person in the world is respectable because he is a human being. All religions of the world have taught respect for humanity. It will not be wrong if we say that respect is the common heritage of humanity living in the world. Mutual respect is the secret and distinction of the development of nations. How many nations and cultures became enviable simply because they respected each other? In the present era, the dignity of humanity is being trampled everywhere. The murder market is hot everywhere. The standards of human respect are changing, sincerity, truth, human equality, and values are being replaced by deceit, greed, envy, and selfishness. And it is done according to the resources. Man is the best of creation and legitimate respect and honor is his basic right. Therefore, no one can see his self-respect being undermined. That's why it has become very important to bring up topics like respect for humanity and explain the position and status of human beings in the light of religious books so that the respect and dignity of human beings are being trampled underfoot today, people should be made aware of the true status and status of human beings should be informed so that the importance of human blood can be estimated. An attempt will be made in this paper to present a comparative review regarding the respect and reverence that human has for Islam and Hinduism.
Keywords: Respect for Humanity, Superior to all creatures, Religion, Islam, Hinduism, Respect, Self-respect
There have been incredible breakthroughs in the field of human genetics in the last few decades. Phenotypic diversity and genome evolution takes place due to genetic variation. Localization and identification of these genetic variants associated with disease is possible with the help of techniques used for manipulation of normal and mutant genes. Linkage analysis, haplotype analysis and DNA sequencing are used for the identification of genomic regions associated with genes and mutational analysis of genes. Pakistani population is a good candidate for genetic linkage analysis due to the large family size and higher rate of consanguineous marriages leading to higher risk of inherited diseases in this population. These large inbred families are very good candidates for mapping the genes behind the disease. The aim of this thesis is to identify the genes, mutations and regions underlying some inherited skin disorders i.e Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED), Alopecia (AP), Nail dysplasia (ND), Mal de Meleda (MDM), and Icthyosis. This Study will contribute to our understanding of human genetics and will shed light to dysfunction of genes in development and disease as the first step is always been the identification of tentative genes affecting the normal development, in this case Skin and Nails. ED comprises a heterogeneous group of developmental abnormalities constituting about 200 clinical entities. All EDs are characterized by impaired development of at least two of the epidermal appendages hair, nails, teeth and sweat glands. Approximately 30 EDs have been characterised at the molecular level. Odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia (OODD) is a rare syndrome characterized by severe hypodontia, nail dystrophy, smooth tongue, dry skin, keratoderma and hyperhydrosis of palms and soles. A large consanguineous Pakistani pedigree comprising six individuals affected by a complete OODD syndrome was investigated. Autozygosity mapping using SNP array analysis showed that the affected individuals are homozygous for the Wnt10A gene region. Subsequent mutation screening showed a homozygous c.392C4T transition in exon 3 of Wnt10A, which predicts a p.A131V substitution in a conserved a-helix domain. First inherited missense mutation in Wnt10A with associated ectodermal features was observed. Mutations in EDA1 are underlying cause of inherited X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED). A large consanguineous Pakistani kindred was investigated with hypohidrotic ED. Careful pedigree analysis suggested X-linked recessive inheritance. There were five affected male and four carrier females in the family. They presented with classical phenotype of disorder. Sequencing revealed a 4-bp insertion at nucleotide position 913 (913_914insTATA) in all affected family members investigated. The mutation is located in exon 8 and results in frameshift and a premature stop codon 2-bp downstream in the same exon. Another type of ED is “Pure hair-nail ectodermal dysplasia”: a rare subgroup with variable expression. A multigenerational consanguineous Pakistani family with four members affected by “pure hair-nail ectodermal dysplasia” was identified. Linkage was confirmed with microsatellite markers on chromosome 12 with maximum LOD score 2.92 (θ=0.0) at marker locus D12S368 suggesting linkage to this region. Further investigations associate this hair-nail type ectodermal dysplasia with novel gene present on chromosome 12p11.1-q14.3. Atrichia with papular lesions (APL) is a rare autosomal recessive form of congenital Alopecias characterized by onset of complete or near to complete irreversible alopecia or loss of hair soon after birth or in first few months of life. Diagnosis of APL involves autosomal recessive form of transmittance of disease with possible consanguinity of parents, hair either present at birth or not that never re-grow and presence of papules. APL has been mapped to 8p12 and identification of Human Hairless (HR) gene mutations are associated with its pathogenesis. Atrichea with papules has equal prevalence in both men and women but exact prevalence is still unknown. A novel homozygous missense c.2427 C>T transition in exon10 of HR gene was identified that results in p.A765V substitution and small variation of phenotype in a consanguineous Pakistani family in all affected individuals. Developmental abnormalities of the nails constitute a large and extremely heterogeneous group of disorders. These abnormalities have a wide range of appearance in form of slight and hardly noticeable change to the complete absence of nails. These can be inherited as isolated abnormality or part of complex syndromes with associated abnormalities of other ectodermal appendages. A large family with isolated congenital anonychia as sole phenotype and consanguineous pedigree with autosomal recessive inheritance was ascertained. Linkage was confirmed to 20p13 to RSPO4 gene using multi allelic microsatellite markers. A maximum two point LOD score was obtained at marker locus D20S199 (θ =0.00) 3.92 suggestive of linkage. RSPO4 gene was sequenced in two affected individual of the family, which revealed G to A transversion at nucleotide position 353 in exon 3, resulting in a (p.Cys118Tyr) amino acid substitution. Another consanguineous Pakistani family with four members affected by isolated congenital autosomal recessive nail dysplasia was investigated. Claw-like pachonychia, nail clubbing and onycholysis of both finger and toenails was present in affected individuals but no other ectodermal symptoms. Genetic analysis on the family using a 250K SNP array (Affymetrix) revealed a genomic region spanning more than 90 homozygous SNPs on chromosome 8 found to be shared by affected individuals. Linkage analysis with microsatellite markers revealed a maximum LOD score of 2.96 (θ=0) at polymorphic microsatellite marker D8S1122 chromosome 8. Recombination events restricted the candidate region to 18 Mb which spans approximately 100 genes. Sequencing revealed a nonsense c.1750G>T (p.Gly584) substitution in homozygous form in Frizzled 6 gene in exon 6. MDM or keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens of Siemens is a rare genodermatosis which belongs to Palmo planter keratoderma PPK; a heterogeneous group of disorders by clinical and genetic definitions. Characteristic features are abnormal thickening of skin of palms and soles soon after birth and progresses to the dorsal epidermis of hands and feet with age. A consanguineous Pakistani family appeared with MDM. ARS component B gene associated with MDM phenotype found mutated in affected members. Linkage was confirmed to 8qter regions using multi allelic microsatellite marker and maximum two point LOD score was obtained at marker locus D8S161 (θ =0.00) 2.41 suggestive for linkage. Sequencing revealed a homozygous c.256 G>A transition in all 4 affected family members investigated. The mutation is located in exon 3 and results in a p.G86R substitution. Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NBCIE) is autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis with prominent features of generalized severe white scaling all over the body and erythrodermic skin without blister formation. ABC12, causal gene is localized on chromosome 2q33-35 belongs to a subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters which implicate in some autosomal recessive disorders pertaining to lipid metabolism. An extended consanguineous Pakistani family exhibiting autosomal recessive inheritance and classic phenotype of NBCIE was investigated. Sequencing revealed a novel homozygous c.4896 G>T transition in all 4 affected family members investigated. The mutation is located in exon 31 and results in a p.G1241V substitution.