نبی کریم ﷺ کے "نسب مطہرہ" سے متعلق مارگولیتھ کے خیالات کا تنقیدی جائزہ

This research article is based upon critical analysis of D.S Margoliouth’s indictment regarding pious lineage “Nasb e Muṭahharra”. Generally Orientalists have tried to affect the image of the Prophet Muḥammad (s.a.w) and prevailed uncertainties. It affects a large number of Muslim Scholars, intellectuals and youngsters because Orientals’ are well aware that Muslims cannot be defeated in battle-fields unless they are defeated in the field of faith and ideology. Our aim is to protect less aware Muslims, intellectuals and youngsters form the pseudo and grimy views of the Orientalists. Like other prejudice Orientalists D.S. Margoliouth have also indictments regarding lineage (Nasb e Muṭahharra) in his book “Muḥammad and The Rise of   Islam”.  Margoliouth argue with texts of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, without having any relation with the passage, to identify the essence of his ill well, hatred and prejudice with in the eyes of Muslims and common readers at large. This article concern five allegations of D.S. Margoliouth on the lineage “Nasb e Muṭahharra” and concludes that he failed to maintain his objectivity in the description of lineage “Nasb e Muṭahharra”.

Managing Higher Education in Pakistan under Gats Environment

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a set of multilateral, legally enforceable rules governing international trade in services. These rules are aimed at enhancing international trade in services including through promotion of progressive liberalization, free competition among service providers, and open access to national markets with out any prejudice or any pre-conditionality. The agreement regulates the cross-border flow of trade and investment in services and provides important opportunities and threats for developing countries especially in higher education field. However, the potential impact of GATS is still unknown as it is a new agreement yet to be implemented fully. With out examining the purpose, motivations, content, thrust and tone of GATS and specific threats and promises it holds for the economy, society and cultural enfoldments of signatories, they would be grouping into dark. Instead of being positive impacted, negative fallout may be in store for them. Considering the role and importance of higher education for sustainable social, political and economic development in Pakistan it is imperative for the appropriate quarters to investigate pros and cons attached to this new set of globalization process. To better understand this ongoing process the research explores the viability of options for our own institutions to avail the opportunities being offered by foreign market like Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia etc for performing an efficient role as educational providers across border and vise versa. The research is based on the belief that insightful evaluation of consequence of opening education at various levels of GATS is essential for the formulation of rational, prudential and internationally acceptable policy and response mechanism on the part of Pakistan. Therefore, the dissertation aims to furnish helpful inputs to the authorities managing higher education in Pakistan so as to enable them to articulate realistic proposals, preempt the impact of negative effects attached with the agreement, execute necessary safeguards and reap benefits if any at appropriate stage. The resultant awareness is likely to smoothen higher education system in Pakistan compatible with the dictates of ongoing iiiglobalization and to withstand the competitive environment shaped by the developed world. Depending on the sagacity of policy and organizational intervention the intended expansion in trade and promotion of development can be realized and perils of disposed trade rise by foreign owned and controlled academic institutions can be avoided. Research endeavours to highlight the stakes and the pearls of intended participation of the third world in the forthcoming round of negotiations of GATS and the future of competitiveness of Pakistan’s higher education system hinges upon the reduction of prospective risks and maximization of our competencies.