Guava is cultivated in Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Brazil, Florida, West Indies, California and many other countries of the world. Worldwide Pakistan is the 2 nd largest producer after India. In Pakistan it ranks fifth. It is cultivated under the area of 72 thousand ha and production is 546 thousand tons. It is an allogamous crop (25-40% cross pollination) which causes the genetic divergence, on one hand it causes clonal degradation and on other hand it add new cultivars. There are different types of breeding methods to improve the crop but our focus on selection. We used 132 promising guava (Psidium guajava L.) genotypes collected from 12 areas in Pakistan. A total of 33 traits (18 qualitative and 15 quantitative) were applied to assess the genetic variability and structure of these guava germplasm. Characters including fruit acidity, fruit diameter, seed weight, non-reducing sugar, thickness of outer flesh, number of seed, fruit sweetness, longitudinal grooves, leaf twisting, fruit color of skin, fruit shape at stalk, longitudinal ridges and color of flesh were highly variable. Many of these traits in this study are of high economic importance and can be used as breeding targets on fruit yield and quality. Strong positive correlations were detected among 15 quantitative traits related to fruit yield and quality including fruit length and fruit diameter, fruit weight and fruit diameter, length of leaf blade and width of leaf blade, number of seeds and seed weight, fruit weight and diameter of cavity on fruit, seed weight and fruit weight. But there were more negative correlations among 18 qualitative traits studied. These 132 accessions involving 33 traits were categorized by principle components analysis (PCA). Results on correlation relationship among these traits were also projected in 2D plot. The morphological dendrogram generated from agglomeration hierarchical clustering (AHC) can distinguish all the 132 accessions into 3 major clusters. Images of genetic diversity and structure on these guava accessions were also presented in 2D plot. In this paper we report, for the first time, genetic variability and structure of Pakistan guava germplasm and its implications on conservation and breeding. Our results showed that morphological traits (using XLSTAT software) were very appropriate for studying genetic relationships among guava accessions and can be used for other open pollinated fruit plant germplasm management and breeding strategies as well.Retrotransposon-based DNA marker system (iPBS) and micro-satellite (SSR) markers were used to assess molecular variation and genetic structure in 51 promising Pakistani guava genotypes Psidium guajava L. together with 19 international accessions. The main objective of this research was to compare results derived from data sets for varietal identification and diversity estimation in Guava germplasm by iPBS and SSR marker systems. PCR from 5 iPBS primers (dominant markers) produced a total of 90 bands (100% polymorphic ) ranging from 100 bp to 2600 bp, and the mean PIC value for each primer ranging from 0.2339 to 0.3698. The 18 pairs of SSR primers (co-dominant markers) produced a total of 71 bands (100% polymorphic) ranging from 150 bp to 900 bp, and the mean PIC value for each primer ranging from 0.0848 to 0.9891. Molecular information generated from both iPBS and SSR methods were separately scored in a matrix for phylogenetic dendrogram construction as well as principle components analysis (PCA). Both iPBS and SSR markers can discriminate all the accessions evaluated into diversity groups. The phylogenetic dendrogram based on iPBS markers reflected not only the botanical morphologic classifications of the plants studied, but also the geographic distribution of some major international guava cultivars (Pakistan, Mexican, Hawaiian and Indian). In SplitTree results from iPBS method, 51 Pakistan accessions of Psidium guajava from 6 districts were distinguished into 6 groups according to their original locality. Results from the molecular analysis correspond strongly to that of PCA. Comparing to the SSR marker system, the iPBS PCR-based genome fingerprinting technology in this study is low-cost and provides another effective alternative in differentiation accessions in guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) and related species or genera. These results showed that iPBS marker system was very appropriate for study of genetic relationships among guava accessions and can be used for study of the genetic structure of Myrtaceae germplasm as well as other plants.
Almighty Allah created Ãdam and made each and every thing of this Universe in his order to take interest and use it well. But he also made some laws also to follow that he can avoid many mishaps. He sent Prophets for proper guidance of mankind and empowered them with Books containing the laws and instructions according to the need of hours. But Islam is the complete code of life and it has to remain in the world till the last day the Day of Judgment. Islam protected the life and honor of men & women in each and every stage of life. Islam has given all the rights to a woman which a man enjoys at any stage of life. Islam is the supporter of equality among the all human beings and wants to reduce differences made by men themselves so it allows relationships between followers of all religions. Especially among religions. So allowed to get merry with women of other religions like Jews & Christians, the followers of sacred books. By this action it wants to reduce gap among human beings. Islam also allows those women who got married with Muslims to act in their personal lives according to their own religions.
Rice is the fundamental food for about half of the world’s population, supplying 20% of the calories consumed worldwide. In Pakistan, rice is second staple food after wheat and contributes more than two million tones to our food requirements. It shares 5.7 percent of the total value added in agriculture and 1.6 percent to GDP. QTL mapping is a marker facilitated genetic dissection of variation of complex phenotypes through proper experimental strategy and statistical analysis of segregating material. The detection of genes or QTLs for yield and quality traits is based on the principal of genetic recombination during meiosis. This allows the construction of linkage maps consisted of genetic markers for a specific population. In rice, association mapping is a viable alternative to QTL mapping. Based on linkage disequilibrium (LD), association mapping is powerful and high resolution mapping tool for complex traits. It has the potential to utilize the genetic diversity of the worldwide crop germplasm resources. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) refers to a reduced (non random) level of recombination of specific alleles at different loci controlling specific genetic variations in a population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are most abundant source of genetic polymorphism between two individuals. SNPs have been extensively used to detect population structure and association mapping for yield and quality traits in rice. One of the major concerns in rice breeding is grain quality improvement. Grain quality in rice is second only to yield as a major breeding objective. The amylose content in rice is regarded as one of the most important determinant of cooking and eating quality. In breeding programme, new lines are selected based on amylose content as this indicator is associated with grain quality. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or genes for protein content, amylose content and pasting properties of rice, a segregating population was developed by crossing two parents IR-64 and IR-132. A QTL analysis was conducted using 125 SNPs markers distributed on all 12 rice chromosomes on a progeny of 213 plants. Many different genomic regions have been identified to influence the starch pasting properties on different linkage groups. A total of 24 main effect QTLs (M-QTLs) for different grain quality traits were identified and mapped on 7 different chromosomes (1, 4, 7, 8,9,10 &11). 12The potential of genome wide association scans (GWAS) was explored to estimate the genetic structure and to map the genomic regions associated with starch chain length distribution. We used 754 genome wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based markers to study the patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and structure of population among seventy-five diverse rice genotypes (indica, temperate japonica & tropical japonica). All the seventy-five accessions were divided into three major groups based on structure analysis (model based). The three groups represented three different geographic regions. For the 75 genotypes, the complex traits like amylose content, gelatinization temperature, amylose long chains, amylose short chains, amylopectin long chains, and amylopectin short chains were studied. The associations of SNPs markers with a phenotypic trait were disclosed by using the approach of GLM (general linear model). We examined variation both within and among three subgroups revealing significant heterogeneity. A total of 59 association signals were detected. From the results, we found that waxy locus not only affects amylose content and GC but also regulates starch branching patterns in rice. The study will help to provide a way to find out valuable genes and alleles associated with starch structure for grain quality improvement in rice. Our mapping results have clear practical implications for the improvement of rice grain quality. The SNPs markers closely associated with the variation of all the studied phenotypic traits could greatly be used to replace the alleles linked with poor grain quality traits using marker-assisted selection. The possible applications of mapped QTLs include their utilization in screening of parents for introgression or pyramiding purpose.