Home > Physico-Morphic Variations Among Brinjal Cultivars Against Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee Pyralidae: Lepidoptera and its Management With Different Techniques
Physico-Morphic Variations Among Brinjal Cultivars Against Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee Pyralidae: Lepidoptera and its Management With Different Techniques
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is a serious pest of brinjal and is responsible for colossal yield losses. The pest is mainly controlled by chemical insecticides which poses serious threats to human and environment thus demands the use of alternatives. The present studies were conducted with the objective to manage the pest with various methods other than use of chemical pesticides. Use of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally safer methods in pest management. In this regard thirteen brinjal cultivars were tested for their resistance against the pest on the basis of fruit infestation. The cultivars Nirala and Anmol were found relatively resistant, Karishma, Kanha (091) and Ep-273 were intermediate resistant and Naeelam and Black long were categorized as susceptible. In another experiment, relationship between various physico-morphic characteristics of brinjal cultivars and pest infestation was studied. The results showed variable infestation levels of L. orbonalis on different cultivars. Cultivar Naeelam showed maximum fruit infestation (58.60 and 48.09%) followed by Black long (47.93 and 33.31%), while minimum was observed in Nirala with (24.75 and 21.57%) fruit infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. Similarly, shoot infestation was found maximum in Naeelam (43.15 and 33.75%) followed by Kanha-091 (37.72 and 28.73%) and Nirala was found as least attacked by the pest showing 19.27 and 15.81% shoot infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The correlation of different morphological plant characters with fruit infestation indicated very strong but negative correlation between fruit infestation and leaf trichomes, stem thickness and stem hair density. A negatively significant correlation was found between fruit infestation and plant height (r = -0.716), crown hair density (r = -0.672) while the correlations with leaf hair density (r = -0.623), and leaf area (r = -0.613), was also significant but negative. There was positive correlation of fruit infestation with yield (q/acre) and positive and non-significant correlation with number of primary branches/plant with r –value 0.661 and 0.319, respectively. Additionally, various management techniques were tested individually and in different combinations for the management of L. orbonalis. The integration of Trichogrammachilonis, hoeing and clipping of infested plant parts reduced fruit infestation to the maximum level (5.61, 6.14 and 6.66%) and maximum increase in yield (q/acre) (42.58, 35.99 and 39.29) at research farm PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, vegetable research farm NARC, Islamabad and Usman Khattar Vegetable Farm Taxila, Rawalpindi, respectively against L. orbonalis fruit infestation. Conclusively, the resistant cultivar “Nirala” and integration of different non chemical techniques (Trichogramma chilonis + hoeing + clipping) were recommended for the management of L. orbonalis in brinjal fields.
مولانا کوثر نیازی گذشتہ ماہ اخباروں سے یہ معلوم کر کے بڑا صدمہ ہوا کہ پاکستان کے مشہور عالم و مصنف، ادیب و شاعر اور سیاست داں مولانا کوثر نیازی کا انتقال دماغ کی شریان پھٹ جانے سے ہوگیا، اناﷲوانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ ۱۹۳۴ء میں میانوالی پنجاب میں پیدا ہوئے، طالب علمی کا زمانہ پریشانی میں گزرا مگر ان کے حوصلے بلند رہے، تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد قومی اشغال سے ان کا شغف بڑھا، ایک زمانے میں جماعت اسلامی کے سرگرم رکن رہے۔ اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد جناب ذوالفقار علی بھٹو سابق وزیر اعظم پاکستان کی پیپلز پارٹی میں شامل ہوئے اور ۱۹۷۰ء میں سیالکوٹ سے قومی اسمبلی کے ممبر منتخب ہوئے، ۱۹۷۲ء میں وزیر اعظم مسٹر بھٹو نے انہیں امور مذہبی و اطلاعات و نشریات کا وزیر بنایا۔ موجودہ وزیر اعظم مسز بے نظیر بھٹو نے انہیں اسلامی کونسل کا چیرمین مقرر کیا تھا۔ صحافت و خطابت کے میدان میں بھی وہ اپنے جوہر دکھاتے رہے۔ بڑے اچھے مقرر اور خطیب تھے، کئی برس تک لاہور، سے ہفت روزہ ’’شہاب‘‘ نکالتے رہے اور کئی علمی و دینی کتابیں یاد گار چھوڑیں۔ ان کی کتابوں، اسلام ہمارا دین، بصیرت، بنیادی حقیقتیں اور آئینہ تثلیث کو بڑی مقبولیت حاصل ہوئی، آخر الذکر کتاب اس وقت لکھی گئی جب پاکستان میں عیسائی مشنریاں ناواقف مسلمانوں کو عیسائی بنانے میں سرگرم تھیں، یہ کتاب دراصل اسلام کی عیب جوئی کرنے والے عیسائی مبلغین کے لیے ایک آئینہ ہے جس میں عیسائیت کے اصلی خط و خال نمایاں ہوگئے ہیں۔ بھٹو حکومت کے خاتمہ کے بعد انھوں نے ’’اور لائن کٹ گئی‘‘ کے نام سے جو کتاب لکھی تھی اس میں اس کا ذکر ہے کہ فوجی انقلاب کیسے آیا؟ مولانا کی تحریر و تصنیف کی ایک خوبی روانی اور شگفتگی بھی ہے۔ مولانا کوثر نیازی ہندوستان اور پاکستان...
Everyone knows that ‘hope’ or ‘expectation’ has a pivotal role in the life of a human being. It is a virtue that may produce boost in an individual’s life. All revealed religions urge to their followers to please the Almighty God, and in return they should keep hope from Allah Almighty that He would compensate and reward then in the life thereafter. It is also a matter of fact that there are various aspects of importance of hope in the life of a Muslim. These aspects are discussed in this article in detail. In today’s word, when there are hopeless attitude is found everywhere, this article would present a very positive impact on the society. The article under discussion aims at different aspects of Al- Raja’a (Hope) in the life of a Muslim and its importance for having blessings of ALLAH Almighty. Main ingredients are as follow: · Wideness of blessings of ALLAH Almighty and forgiveness by Him if a person believes in Him and has full commitment on Him. · Self-accountability of a person and his regrets upon his wrong doings and to endeavor adoption of a Right Path. · This belief of Hope pleases one’s self and it brings happiness apparently and inside of this person. · Islam does completely prohibit false beliefs and halfhearted weak faith. In the same way Islam also condemns despondency.
Pakistan’s energy and power sector underperformed over the decades for its failure to adequately plan, formulate and implement the policies. As a result, the country which is believed to have abundant energy resources is coping significant electricity shortfall since 2006. This situation is confronting governments for many years to address these crises. However, in the absence of effective energy planning, various conformist planning and policy initiative could not deliver and decrease the reliance on imported fuels for power generation. The imported fossil fuels are huge burden for the national exchequer, on one hand, and are also unsustainable as they adversely add to climate change on the other hand. These circumstances warrant an energy security concern since the obscure future with growing population and economy pose a serious challenge to meet unprecedented electricity demand. It is, therefore, inevitable that Pakistan undertakes sustainable energy planning thereby acknowledging indigenous renewable energy resources and focusing energy efficiency and conservation. This research develops an energy modeling and decision support framework for the judicious energy policy development by incorporating sustainability criteria for the sustainable electricity system of Pakistan. This planning framework addresses two key shortcomings of unaided energy modeling for energy planning. First, the models typically provide a set of scenario alternatives which are based on the modeling parameters and not on the sustainability criteria as well as without appropriate decision support, and secondly, the energy policy makers in the developing countries little understand the inherent complexities of the energy models. As such, in this study following energy modeling, using Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP), sustainability assessment of modeling results is undertaken using Expert Choice Comparion® decision tool. The Expert Choice Comparion® decision tool is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. This research covers the study period of 2015-2050. Pakistan’s LEAP model results for the electricity demand forecast 1706.1 TWh of electricity requirements in 2050 which is 19 folds higher than the base year demand at xxi an annual average growth rate of 8.35%. The four supply side scenarios alternatives namely; Reference (REF), Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), Clean Coal Maximum (CCM) and Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) are developed in the LEAP model while considering the resource potential, techno-economic parameters, and CO2 emissions. All four scenarios with various fuel and technology mix, meet the electricity demand during the study period. In terms of CO2 emissions, RET and CCM scenarios have emissions lower than EEC scenario. However, in the REF scenario, CO2 emissions are the highest of all the scenarios. Further, the EEC scenario has the lowest Net Present Value (NPV) requirement followed by REF, RET and CCM scenarios at all the discount rates (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) considered in the study. The AHP methodology of this study comprises of four main-criteria which include technological, environmental, socio-political and economic criteria and seventeen sub-criteria for the judicious evaluation of the four scenario alternatives of the study. The questionnaire feedbacks under AHP methodology, using a pairwise comparison, determined weightages of the sustainability criteria which were further used towards the ranking of the scenario alternatives. The AHP based sustainability assessment ranks EEC scenario as the most preferred electricity generation scenario followed by REF, RET and CCM scenarios. However, CO2 emissions under EEC scenario are higher than the RET and CCM scenarios, as such, it is recommended that Pakistan should adopt energy efficiency and conservation as the focus of the energy policy alongside increasing the renewable energy share for the electricity generation. The dynamic and performance sensitivity analysis of the AHP decision support framework establishes the robustness of this study. Overall, the results of the developed planning framework are elaborative of the contemplation that how energy policy makers, experts, and stakeholders view future of energy system in Pakistan for next 35 years. The main achievement of this study is the development of a sustainable energy planning framework and providing a future insight pertaining the alternative energy pathways that Pakistan could follow for a sustainable electricity system. This study also proposes a set of policy recommendations that could contribute towards a sustainable energy system and thus sustainable development in Pakistan.