Home > Physico-Morphic Variations Among Brinjal Cultivars Against Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee Pyralidae: Lepidoptera and its Management With Different Techniques
Physico-Morphic Variations Among Brinjal Cultivars Against Leucinodes Orbonalis Guenee Pyralidae: Lepidoptera and its Management With Different Techniques
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) is a serious pest of brinjal and is responsible for colossal yield losses. The pest is mainly controlled by chemical insecticides which poses serious threats to human and environment thus demands the use of alternatives. The present studies were conducted with the objective to manage the pest with various methods other than use of chemical pesticides. Use of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally safer methods in pest management. In this regard thirteen brinjal cultivars were tested for their resistance against the pest on the basis of fruit infestation. The cultivars Nirala and Anmol were found relatively resistant, Karishma, Kanha (091) and Ep-273 were intermediate resistant and Naeelam and Black long were categorized as susceptible. In another experiment, relationship between various physico-morphic characteristics of brinjal cultivars and pest infestation was studied. The results showed variable infestation levels of L. orbonalis on different cultivars. Cultivar Naeelam showed maximum fruit infestation (58.60 and 48.09%) followed by Black long (47.93 and 33.31%), while minimum was observed in Nirala with (24.75 and 21.57%) fruit infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. Similarly, shoot infestation was found maximum in Naeelam (43.15 and 33.75%) followed by Kanha-091 (37.72 and 28.73%) and Nirala was found as least attacked by the pest showing 19.27 and 15.81% shoot infestation during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. The correlation of different morphological plant characters with fruit infestation indicated very strong but negative correlation between fruit infestation and leaf trichomes, stem thickness and stem hair density. A negatively significant correlation was found between fruit infestation and plant height (r = -0.716), crown hair density (r = -0.672) while the correlations with leaf hair density (r = -0.623), and leaf area (r = -0.613), was also significant but negative. There was positive correlation of fruit infestation with yield (q/acre) and positive and non-significant correlation with number of primary branches/plant with r –value 0.661 and 0.319, respectively. Additionally, various management techniques were tested individually and in different combinations for the management of L. orbonalis. The integration of Trichogrammachilonis, hoeing and clipping of infested plant parts reduced fruit infestation to the maximum level (5.61, 6.14 and 6.66%) and maximum increase in yield (q/acre) (42.58, 35.99 and 39.29) at research farm PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, vegetable research farm NARC, Islamabad and Usman Khattar Vegetable Farm Taxila, Rawalpindi, respectively against L. orbonalis fruit infestation. Conclusively, the resistant cultivar “Nirala” and integration of different non chemical techniques (Trichogramma chilonis + hoeing + clipping) were recommended for the management of L. orbonalis in brinjal fields.
مولوی عبدالحمید ندوی یہ سطور ابھی پریس نہیں گئی تھیں کہ مولوی عبدالحمید ندوی کے انتقال کی خبر ملی، وہ بارہ بنکی کے ایک گاؤں جیسکھ پور کے رہنے والے تھے، بڑے مخلص، حق پسند اور بہی خواہ خلق تھے، ۱۹۱۹ء میں ندوہ میں داخل ہوئے، تحریک خلافت شباب پر تھی، حمید صاحب بھی اس سے متاثر ہوئے، اس کی وجہ سے سادگی طبیعت ثانیہ بن گئی، مولانا عبدالرحمن نگرامی کی صحبت نے ان کے اندر ندوہ کی محبت اور خاموش خدمت کا جذبہ پیدا کیا، تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد قیام زیادہ تر وطن ہی میں رہا، لیکن ندوہ برابر آتے جاتے رہتے تھے، دوستوں کے اصرار کئی برس تک بھٹکل میں تعلیمی خدمت انجام دی، ان کے مخلص شاگردوں نے اس کام کو آگے بڑھایا اور ایک بڑا تعلیمی مرکز قائم ہوگیا، عرصہ سے دل کے مریض تھے، رمضان میں ندوہ آئے، مولانا ابوالحسن علی سے ملنے رائے بریلی جانے کا ارادہ تھا، دفعتہ دل کا دورہ پڑا اور تھوڑی دیر میں جان جان آفریں کے سپرد کردی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے اور ان کے صاحبزادہ مولوی عبدالرشید ندوی اور دوسرے متعلقین کو صبر جمیل عطا فرمائے۔ (عبد السلام قدوائی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۸ء)
To general public, all videos are perceived to be true, but they may not have probative value in the Court of law. The undertaken article analyzes the admissibility and probative value of a video presented as evidence before a court in the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (CJSP). It analyzes the relevant law and diagnoses the problems with the video evidence through the lens of the judgments of Superior Courts. The court of law objectively ascertains that a video presented as evidentiary means bears significant relevance to the fact in question. It must be admissible under the law, and it must be proved to be genuine. To fill up the gap between a “Video” and a “Video Evidence”, there is a process, which is known as video authentication. It determines that the video contents are genuine, authentic, credible, unaltered, untampered and unfabricated. The study discusses various modes of video authentication. Precedents set by superior courts of Pakistan show that convictions have been made once the courts are satisfied with the credibility of video evidence. In the court of law, video evidence is normally presented after the completion of prosecution evidence. The video is played in court and is watched by the presence. But the researcher establishes that such process does not have legal justification. The article suggests that it would be legal and proper for the prosecution to produce the video evidence through the witness, during his evidence, who is either victim, witness, recorded and/or copied the video directly from original source such as C.C.T.V system and that witness would be subjected to cross examination.
to find out the association between terrorism and different factors affecting learning behavior of secondary school students. . It was found agreed by the respondents that terrorism causes fear among students, affects the learning process, terrorist mostly kidnap the school students and use them as suicide bomber after brainwashing. Military operations in the tribal areas and drone attacks created hatred against America and Pakistani military forces because of the perception to be an allied force which ultimately increased terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Parents remain worried till returning of their children from school and don’t allow them to take part in any co-curricular activity. Media is not performing its due positive role. It was concluded from the study that fear was created among students due to terrorism. Behavior related problems, shortage of attendance, drop out and intolerance increased. Social injustice, religious extremism, false interpretation of Islamic ideas, Interference of foreign intelligence agencies in our country, our weak security network, curriculum in the most deeni madaras, Post Afghan-Russian war groups, Military operations in the tribal areas and drone attacks were the main causes of terrorism. The study suggested that literacy and effective performance of schools, teachers, religious leaders, media, intelligence agencies, foreign ministry, and curriculum wing can eradicate or reduce the terrorism.