The studies reported in this thesis represent an investigation of the physiological and biochemical studies of wild and exotic Pleurotus species. Comparison of the growth rates of different Pleurotus isolates showed that most of the strains grew at optimum temperature of 25°C, where as a temperature above 25°C detrimental to mycelial growth for Pleurotus species except Pleurotus sapidus wild isolated from Pakistan which can tolerate a high temperature upto 35°C. Among growing agar media, potato dextrose agar was a better medium than malt extract agar and wheat extract agar for the growth of mycelium of Pleurotus species. Pleurotus species grew best at pH 6.5 while, Pleurotus sapidus wild isolate from Pakistan showed wide range of pH acceptability. Pleurotus strains (wild and exotic) investigated differed in their growth rates on different substrates. Among the substrates cotton waste (100%) produced maximum yield and biological efficiency (%). Fruit quality of Pleurotus species in terms of pileus diameter, stalk diameter, stalk length and individual fruit body weight was also exhibited higher in cotton waste substrate. Among the Pleurotus species Pleurotus sajor-caju showed maximum yield and biological efficiency on cotton waste and its various combinations. Pleurotus sapidus, wild isolate from Pakistan showed fastest mycelial growth and its yield was also comparable to high yielding Pleurotus sajor-caju strain. Maximum number of flushes was also counted in Pleurotus sajor-caju on cotton waste (100%) substrate. The biochemical studies exhibited high nutritional value of Pleurotus species in terms of protein, carbohydrate, ash, fibers, energy, and fat percentage. Pleurotus ostreatus showed maximum protein percentage than other Pleurotus species, Pleurotus sapidus wild isolate also exhibited higher protein contents but less than Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajorcaju. Different substrates influenced the nutritional value of Pleurotus species and cotton waste showed maximum nutritional value when used as substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation than other substrates. Among the mineral contents of Pleurotus species potassium was found higher in Pleurotus ostreatus on cotton waste than other substrates, other important minerals such as Mg, Mn, Ca, Zn, and Fe were also found in reasonable amounts. Total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, vitamin C, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were also higher in Pleurotus species, which revealed that Pleurotus species are good for health. In addition to these physiological and biochemical studies of Pleurotus species biochemical analyses of different substrates used in this study were also performed before and after oyster mushroom cultivation. A reasonable increase in the nutrient contents in terms of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and protein percentage was exhibited by spent substrate. Maximum increase in nutrient contents was shown by substrates when Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on them. Pleurotus sajor-caju showed highest score for taste and aroma. The results showed that cottonwaste is the best substrate for the cultivationof Pleurotus species.
رومانیت: فیض اپنے کلام سے اپنے خشک زاہد اور ناصح ہونے کا تصور نہیں دیتے بلکہ پھول اور تلوار کے ساتھ ساتھ چشم و لب کی کاٹ کی باتیں بھی کرتے ہیں۔ ان کی اْفتاد ِ طبع رومانی ہے ان کے سینے میں پیار بھرا دل دھڑکتا ہے ان کے کلام میں لطافت اور نزاکت کی روحانی فضائ چھائی رہتی ہے وہ تصورِ جاناں پر سب کچھ نچھاور کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ حسن ادا اور ندرت ِ بیان: فیض ندرت بیان سے قاری کواپنے سحر میں جکڑ لیتے ہیں اور ان کے کلام کا جتنا زیادہ مطالعہ کیا جائے نئے نئے خیالات و تصورات و ا ہوتے جاتے ہیں کیونکہ ان کے ہاں ندرت بیاں اور حسن ادا کی دلکش مثالیں پائی جاتی ہیں۔ جذبات کی ترجمانی: شاعری میں جذبات کی ترجمانی کے لئے صدق و خلوص انتہائی ضروری ہوتے ہیں صرف احساسات ، محسوسات اور جذبات کے بیان کا نام شاعری نہیں ہوا کرتا۔ فیض کے ہاں ہمیں پر خلوص جذبہ صداقت اور اْسلوب ِ اظہار پر کامل قدرت ہمیں بھر پور انداز میں ملتے ہیں۔ عشقیہ شاعری: فیض کی شاعری حقیقی جذبات کی عکاسی کرتی ہے ان کی شاعری میں عشق و مستی اور چاہت ومحبت کا بھی کثرت سے ذکر ملتا ہے ان کی شاعری محبت کا ایک دل آویز نمونہ ہے اس اظہار میں چاند کی چاندنی کی سی ٹھنڈک اور سکون ، باد نسیم سی نازک خرامی کے علاوہ محبت کا لوچ اور رس ہمیں دلکش پیرایے میں نظر آتا ہے۔ وطن پرستی: فیض کو اپنی مٹی سے پیا ر ہے۔ اس مٹی کو وہ محبوبہ کی طرح چاہتے ہیں۔ محبوبہ اور وطن میں وہ فرق نہیں کرتے اسلوب: دراصل فیض کا مخصوص لہجہ اور اسلوب ہی وہ جادو ہے جو قاری کو اپنا اسیر کر لیتا ہے اور ہر بار...
E-commerce is one way among many that people buy and sell things in retail. Some companies sell products online only, but for many, e-commerce is a distribution channel that’s part of a broader strategy that includes physical stores and other revenue streams. Either way, e-commerce allows startups, small businesses, and large companies to sell their products at scale and reach customers worldwide. The growing scenario of E-commerce shapes a new dynamism in Business and offers no time-bound, cost-efficient, and hassle-free buy and sell. Following changing approach, security management in e-commerce (cyber security) is now the focus. People in Bangladesh are mostly unaware of the risks of using computing and digital devices and online platforms. This article articulated the risk factors associated with the growing reliance on digital technologies and devices. Then, some policy guidelines are prescribed for the national level and individual level, including leading social campaigns, new chapters in the school curriculum, advancing technological aptitudes of law enforcers, strengthening security systems in e-commerce, embanking sites, bringing frauds to justice, initiating law to define cybercrimes, fortifying institutional management of cyber securities
The research work was carried out to evaluate the acceptability of flaxseed utilization in the baked products. Microwave roasting reduced the cyanogenic glycosides content of flaxseed thus making it fit for human consumption. The partial defattening of flaxseed resulted in the improvement of chemical constituents of flaxseed meal. The flaxseed flours (partially defatted and full fat) supplemented wheat flour significantly improved the chemical composition (ash, crude fat, crude fiber and crude protein) and mineral contents of the composite flours. The chemical constituents remained statistically unchanged during the 60 days of storage studies thus indicating good storage conditions. The mixing time and peak height percentages of the composite flours reduced significantly by the supplementation of flaxseed flour into wheat flour. The scores assigned to all the sensory parameters of chapattis and breads affected significantly with the variation in levels of flaxseed supplementation in wheat flours. The scores for overall acceptability, aroma and taste of chapattis decreased when prepared and tested at 0, 30 and 60 days of flours storage. The scores assigned to all the internal and external sensory attributes of breads decreased by increasing the level of flaxseed supplementation in straight grade flour. The 16% defatted and 12 % full fat flaxseed flours were found the maximum acceptable levels for replacement in chapattis, while in breads 12% replacements of both flaxseed flours resulted in acceptable product. Total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers, essential amino acid contents and linolenic acid content of chapattis and breads are improved substantially due to the supplementation of partially defatted flaxseed flour or full fat flaxseed flour into wheat flour. True digestibility, NPU, BV and PER of chapattis and breads improved by the supplementation of flaxseed flour. The highest values of TD (84.6), PER (1.87), NPU (54.65) and BV (64.6) were recorded in rats group fed on diets prepared from chapattis containing 16% partially defatted flaxseed flour (PDF). Total cholesterol, glucose, LDL-C and triglyceride contents in rats’ serum decreased due to inclusion of flaxseed supplemented chapattis and breads in their diets. The concentration of HDL improved in the serum of rats fed on diets prepared from flaxseed supplemented chapattis and breads. The diets based on chapattis supplemented with 16% PDF contributed to reduce the serum glucose of rats by 18.16 %, cholesterol by 15.33%, triglycerides by 7.45% and LDL by 18.26%. The HDL concentration of rats serum increased by 7.36% in rats fed on diet prepared from 16% PDF supplemented chapattis. It is proved that flaxseed based bakery products can help to cure and control the cardiovascular diseases in developing countries like Pakistan. It can be advised to public that inclusion of flaxseed in their daily meal plan may be beneficial therapy to control and cure diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.