2. Al-Baqarah/The Cow
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
02:01
a. Alif. Lam. Mim.
02:02
This Qur’an is the awaited Divine Book.
Let there be no doubt in that this is the Absolute Word of Allah in Arabic and no one can ever change it.
This is a manifesto that provides guidance for those who endeavor to shape their lives as well as their social behavior in a manner that seeks Allah’s Pleasure: the ever Allah- reverent.
02:03
They are the people who
believe in whatever is beyond their senses and perception, and
establish the Salat /Prayers and
spend a good part of their wealth which WE have favored them with in the Cause of Allah, human development, and community welfare.
02:04
And they also believe in that which is being sent down on to you O The Prophet,
and all Divine Scriptures that were sent down before you on to the earlier Prophets and
they firmly believe in the All-embracing concept of the Hereafter and its correlatives.
02:05
Thus, it is they who are living by the Guidance from their Rabb - The Lord.
And it is also they who are going to be successful.
02:06
Surely those who willfully deny and belie the truth of these beliefs despite your advocacy,
it is a matter of gross indifference to them whether you warn them of the consequences of disbelief or do not warn them, they are not going to believe.
02:07
Allah has set a seal upon
their hearts, and
their hearing, and
over their intellectual vision...
In order to protect consumer rights, the government has made regular legislation on national and provincial level. In which the rights of the consumers are clearly explained. These rules are contemporary and comprehensive, those who are more likely to ensure the protection of consumer rights. With the help of these laws, different issues and conflicts of consumers can be resolved. The Sharia, the rights reserved for the users/consumers are also of a wide variety. In this article first the contemporary laws of Pakistan about the consumers protections has been explained and then in the lights of Saying of Muhammad (PBUH) the rights of users and consumers have been mentioned in details, in the last the comparison of the both laws is presented.
The present studies were aimed to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites responsible for antibacterial activity from medicinal plants present in Pakistan. Two plant species Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. and Quercus baloot Griff. were selected on the basis of literature review and their traditional uses in ailments related to microorganisms. The n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Dodonaea viscosa were analyzed for antimicrobial potential against four Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (MRL M 1), Bacillus cereus (MRL M 52), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538); three Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (Cl. I. 140), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9721) and the yeast Candida albicans (Cl. I. 4043). It showed inhibition against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The TLC solvent systems for each of the fraction were developed and the resulting chromatograms of the fractions were sterilized using ethylene oxide or dioxane, which were then subjected to contact bioautography. Multiple inhibition zones were observed at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. Isolation of the active principles responsible for the antimicrobial activities was attempted through preparative TLC, but it was unable to yield the compounds. The results from the preliminary screening and contact bioautography indicated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions having good potential in terms of antimicrobial activities, therefore, they were chosen for further investigations. HPLC revealed the presence of large number of metabolites; therefore, further isolation was done using preparative HPLC that resulted in 52 sub-fractions each for n-hexane and n-butanol fractions while 48 sub-fractions were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction. XTT-Bioassay was used in hyphenation with preparative HPLC to mark the antibacterial potential of the emerging sub-fractions. S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were used in all XTT based bioassays. On the basis of bioassay results, six sub-fractions from n-hexane fraction were selected and analyzed upon HPLC in analytical mode, which indicated multiple numbers of compounds in them, thereby, necessitating further isolation. Further fractionation gave 218 sub-sub fractions that were tested against the same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon HPLC and isolation of the compound was possible from the sub-sub fraction no. 12 of sub-fraction 42 of n-hexane fraction of D. viscosa’s crude ethanolic extract. The compound’s MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 64 μg/ml and 128 μg/mlxviii respectively. The MBC’s against these organisms were 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively, which indicated a moderate activity against the Gram-positive bacterium. The structure analyses revealed the compound to be 15, 16-epoxy-cis-cleroda-3, 13(16),14- trien-18-oic acid-18,6-olide, a clerodanefuranolactone, previously known for its structure but this is the first report of its antibacterial potential and its presence in D. viscosa. Quercus baloot fractions were processed in the same manner and were subjected to antimicrobial analysis using similar panel of microorganisms. Preliminary screening using disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods showed inhibition zones against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. TLC chromatograms and subsequent contact bioautography showed inhibition zones at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, and S. aureus indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. On the basis of these findings QDM fraction underwent HPLC evaluations that indicated a good number of metabolites; therefore, preparative HPLC was carried out that yielded 52 sub-fractions that were subjected to XTT bioassay to mark the antibacterial potential from which five potential sub-fractions were again analyzed upon HPLC. Each sub-fraction had several compounds, thereby; preparative HPLC was applied that resulted in 175 sub-sub fractions, which were subjected to XTT bioassay using same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon analytical HPLC and isolation of a semi-purified compound was made from the sub-sub fraction no. 15 and 16 of sub-fraction 39 of dichloromethane fraction obtained from Q. baloot’s crude methanolic extract. Its MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 16 μg/ml and 128 μg/ml respectively while MBC’s were 64 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively. This compound requires further purification and characterization. This is the first report of such an activity in Q. baloot.