Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) having high degree of adaptability under wide range of climatic conditions, high photosynthetic capacity, efficient stomatal conductance and hydraulic mechanism allow the crop to be productive in broad range of environments. Combined effects of environmental factors not only modify plant phenology but also cause many physiological and qualitative changes. Environmental variations affect crop growth, development, yield, oil and fatty acid accumulation through agronomic, physiological and qualitative functions of the crop plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate and document the physio-morphic expressions of sunflower in response to varying environments. Field experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research Area, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan one each in spring and autumn during 2007 and 2008. Four sunflower hybrids, Alisson-RM, Parasio-24, MG-2 and S- 278 were planted in randomized complete block design with four replications. Data for various agronomic, physiological and quality parameters were collected during the course of study. Results revealed statistically significant differences among hybrids for almost all parameter recorded during both the seasons (spring and autumn) during two years of study. Quantitative parameters like stem diameter, plant height, biological yield and achene yield of all hybrids were 26.14 % to 56.18 % higher in spring as compared to autumn season. Physio-morphic parameters like leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf area, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate exhibited the similar trend of higher values during spring and lower during autumn but of sigmoid nature. Physiological attributes like chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate also followed the sigmoid curve pattern of growth and development during spring, where readings of all parameters were slow at the start of the season which gradually increased to the peak and thereafter decreased to the minimum at the end during spring season. However, trend of the above physiological parameters observed during autumn was opposite which touched the peak at the start and continuously decreased to the minimum at the end. The opposite trend of physiologicalxix parameters during two seasons may be related to the variable temperature during the two seasons. In spring, at the start temperature was low which gradually increased to the peak while during autumn temperature was relatively high at the start which gradually decreased as season proceeded. Qualitative parameters like oil content, oleic acid, stearic acid and palmatic acid of all the hybrids exhibited higher values during spring as compared to those during autumn season. However, linoleic acid showed inverse relationship with oleic acid as it increased during autumn than that observed during spring. Protein content showed opposite trend to oil content during the two seasons as higher protein contents were observed during autumn as compared to those during spring season. It may be concluded that spring crop is a better option for good economic and oil yield in high rainfall areas. However, autumn crop accumulated higher linoleic acid (poly-unsaturated fatty acid) than the spring crop, thus better in quality. Significant positive correlations were recorded among morphological attributes, achene yield and oleic acid, while negative for linoleic acid were observed during spring, however, during autumn oleic acid and linoleic acid showed opposite trend to each other. Similarly, significant positive correlations were exhibited among physiological attributes, achene yield and oleic acid, while negative for linoleic acid were expressed during spring, however, during autumn oleic acid and linoleic acid reversed each other. In a separate experiment, oil and fatty acid contents in different circles of mature sunflower heads during spring and autumn seasons for both the years were determined. A progressive decrease in oil content, oleic acid, stearic acid was recorded from outer to central circle during spring for both the years. Contrary to spring crop, oil content showed increase from outer to central circle in autumn crop. However, rest of the attributes followed the similar trend of spring crop. Linoleic acid accumulation was opposite to that of oleic acid where central circles accumulated higher linoleic acid in all four hybrids as compared to middle and outer circles during both the seasons. The variation in oil and fatty acid in different circles may be the result of vascular connection which seems to be better in outer circles.
عہد خلفائے راشدین میں قوانین ِحدود و قصاص کی عملی تنفیذ خلفائےراشدین رضوان اللہ اجمعین کادور بہترین زمانہ شمار کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ ان چاروں حضرات کا منہج نبوت والا تھا۔اس دور میں قرآ ن و سنت کے مطابق فیصلے کیے جاتے تھے۔ یہ دور گیارہ ہجری بارہ ربیع الاول حضرت ابو بکر صدیق (م:13ھ) کی خلافت سے شروع ہوتا ہے اور اکیس رمضان المبارک چالیس ہجر ی حضرت علی (م:40ھ)کی شہاد ت پر ختم ہوتا ہے۔ اس دور میں تقوٰی ،علم میں پختگی اور اخلاص کو مد نظر رکھا جاتا تھا ۔ قا ضی فیصلہ کرنے میں آزاد ہوتا تھا ۔ اسلامی حدود بہت وسیع ہو گئی تھیں۔ مسلمان پینتیس لاکھ مربع میل پر حاکم تھے ۔ ایران ، شام ، بلاد آرمینیا ، مصر اور ایران ان کے زیر نگین تھے بلکہ اسلامی فتوحات نے مشرق اور مغرب میں نہایت وسعت حاصل کی ۔ عربوں کے علاوہ بہت سی دوسری اقوام حلقہ بگوش اسلام ہو گئیں ۔ خلفائےراشدین انصاف کی فراہمی اور مساوات پر بہت زور دیتے تھے، یہاں تک کہ خود خلیفہ وقت رعایا کے ایک عام فرد کی طرح عدالت میں حاضر ہوتا، جیساکہ حضرت عمر(م:24ھ) قاضی مدینہ زید بن ثابت (م:45ھ)کی عدالت میں خود حاضر ہوئے اور حضرت علی (م:40ھ)کی حاضری کوفہ شہرمیں قاضی شریح کی عدالت میں ہوئی اور فیصلہ بھی خلیفہ وقت کے خلاف ہوا۔ اگر ان کاکوئی قریبی رشتہ دار کسی جرم کا مرتکب ہوتا تو اسے عام لوگوں کی طرح سزا دی جاتی، جیسا کہ حضرت عمر نے اپنے بیٹے کو شراب نوشی کے جرم پر سزا دی اور عام مصری شخص سے حضرت عمرو بن عاص (م:51ھ)کے بیٹے کو کوڑوں سے پٹوایا۔ اس عہد کی ایک اور خصوصیت یہ بھی تھی کہ حضرت عمر نے اسلام میں پہلی دفعہ جیل خانوں کا...
A nation is formed by society. A society is a group of individuals, families and tribes. These together form locality which are settled into cities. Combined cities form a Nation. Islam is a way of life revealed for every individual of every nation. Our last prophet ﷺis the role model for the whole humanity. His preaching was based upon the teachings of Holy Quran meant for the welfare of society and individuals. He lays the foundation of Islamic Welfare Estate after arriving to Madina. It helps Muslims to follow the teachings of Islam with freedom. Revolutionary steps were taken for the betterment of education and health issues. The foundation was based on Islamic Ethical Values of society. He developed new and modern strategies for the defense of newly developed estate. He himself rules the estate and society as a jurist and legislator. The pact of Madina shows the institutional, internal and external rules and regulations for the newly born Islamic estate. It is also known as the first ever written pact of all the time in known history.
An Evaluation of English Textbooks at SSC Level in Government Schools of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa The present study sought to evaluate English textbooks which are taught at government schools of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa at SSC (Secondary School Certificate) level. The main purpose was to see congruence in the objectives laid down by the National Curriculum Wing and the textbooks prepared by Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Textbook Board. The study was based on multimodel approach of Creswell (2005) in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analyzed and compared to have a richer insight into the research problem. Quantitatively, survey research method was adopted and questionnaires were prepared and administered to students and teachers. The questionnaires were made keeping in view the research objectives and the objectives of National Curriculum Wing covering four main skills ; speaking, writing, reading, listening and three sub skills; pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The questionnaires were translated into Urdu, piloted and their validity and reliability were calculated. In order to collect data qualitatively, a checklist was devised having seven broad categories like the questionnaires and the prescribed textbooks were evaluated against them. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and frequencies, means, standard deviation were calculated. The qualitative data was thematically analyzed. The findings of the study reveal that the prescribed textbooks are not good enough to achieve the objectives spelled out by National Curriculum Wing. Listening skills and pronunciation are altogether ignored. As far as other skills, traditional methods of presentation are adopted. In case of writing, product approach is adopted instead of process. Likewise, in case of grammar, artificial and contrived discrete point activities are provided. The focus of attention is form and not functions. Moreover effort is made to teach language at word and sentence level and not at discourse level. Reading section is not challenging for students and vocabulary section does not enable students to become autonomous learners. To sum up, the prescribed textbooks do not help the students to become communicatively competent. In the light of the findings of the research, suggestions for improvement of textbooks and recommendations for further research were suggested.