Nickel (Ni) contamination of soils is a widespread problem as it enters into soils and environment through different anthropogenic activities. Nickel enters into human food chain through plant uptake and its entry into food chain can be restricted by immobilizing Ni in soil. A series of experiments including one incubation, three pot studies in soil and one pot experiment in sand culture was conducted in the wire house, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Soil used for all the experiments was collected from an agricultural field irrigated with raw sewage at village 217/RB, Kajlianwala, Faisalabad. The first study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incubation and type of organic amendments on AB-DTPA extractability of Ni and other metals in contaminated soil. Activated carbon (AC) increased OM in soil despite that it had lower OM contents compared with that of pressmud (PrM) and others. The maximum decrease in soil pH was caused by PrM 4 (pressmud at the rate of 4 %) while maximum increase in it was observed with PM 2 (poultry manure at the rate of 2 %) after one-month incubation. The AC 4 (activated carbon at the rate of 4 %) decreased Ni in soil during incubation to maximum extent followed by PM 4 (poultry manure at the rate of 4 %). The Ni concentration in soil increased over time of incubation and changes in metal mobility seems mostly due to transformation of soil-applied OM with time. All the amendments except AC increased AB-DTPA extractable Ni in the post- experiment soil. The maximum increase in Ni compared with that of control was observed with PrM while AC decreased it. Only, PM increased Ni concentration in maize shoots while all other amendments decreased it. The AC and FM (farm manure) decreased Ni uptake by maize shoots while PM and PrM increased it over control. Over all, AC remains good immobilizer of Ni in soil that decreased its phytoavailability, its concentration and uptake by maize shoots compared with that of control plants. The second study was conducted in pots to investigate the effect of organic amendments on phytoavailability of Ni and other metals and their uptake by maize fodder. Organic amendments significantly increased OM contents in the post-experiment soil and maximum OM was observed with PrM. Farm manure (FM), PM and PrM increased Ni availability in the post-experiment soil while AC decreased it. Differences 12for Ni uptake due to amendments were non-significant, however, amendments increased Ni concentration and its uptake with an increase in Ni availability in soil except PrM that decreased it. The third study was conducted to investigate the residual effect of organic amendments on growth, phytoavailability of Ni in soil and its uptake by berseem. The organic matter in post-berseem soil decreased compared with that of post-maize soil and decrease was maximum with AC and minimum with PM. Residual organic matter significantly increased phytoavailable Ni at the end of berseem crop, however, phytoavailable Ni was negatively correlated with soil pH. All the amendments increased Ni concentration in berseem shoots while AC decreased it when compared with that of control. Phytoavailabilty of Ni decreased in post-berseem soil compared with that of post-maize soil and decrease was maximum with control and minimum with PM. The fourth study was conducted in sand culture to investigate the effect of Ni application on Ni concentration, its uptake and its effect on ionic composition of maize plants. In this study, application of Ni increased shoot and root growth significantly compared with that of the control. Nickel concentration in maize shoots and roots increased with increasing Ni application rate. However, roots accumulated more Ni compared with that in shoots. Increasing rates of Ni application increased distribution of Ni towards roots compared with that of shoots. Generally, Ni application (> 1 mg kg -1 ) decreased Mn concentration in maize shoots and roots but it increased in roots at lower Ni rates (≤ 1 mg kg -1 ). The effect of Ni on Cu concentration in shoots was not consistent as it decreased with the lowest (1 mg kg -1 ) and highest Ni (> 4 mg kg -1 ) rates but increased with other rates. The fifth study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic acids on phytoavailabilty of Ni and other metals in soil during decomposition of OM. Application of organic acids affected plant growth, particularly EDTA and oxalic acid decreased shoot fresh weights. In the present study, organic acids differed for AB-DTPA extractable Ni in post-experiment soil. The EDTA increased Ni in soil solution to a greater extent than other organic acids. The Ni concentration in maize shoots increased with the application of organic acids with the exception of acetic acid that decreased it. 13Over all, it is concluded that AC increased OM in soil despite that it had lower OM contents compared with those of other amendments, but decreased AB-DTPA extractable Ni in soil during incubation to maximum followed by PM 4 . Consequently, AC decreased AB-DTPA extractable Ni while other amendments increased it in the post- experiment soil. The PM increased Ni concentration in maize shoots while all other amendments decreased it. The AC and FM decreased Ni uptake by maize shoots while PM and PrM increased it over that with the control. The AC remains good immobilizer of Ni as it decreased Ni phytoavailability and uptake by maize shoots compared with that of control plants. The residual OM contents in post-berseem soil decreased compared with that of post-maize soil, decrease was maximum with AC and minimum with PM. Residual effect of amendments increased Ni concentration in berseem shoots while that of AC decreased Ni concentration in berseem shoots compared with that of the control plants. Phytoavailabilty of Ni decreased in post-berseem soil compared with that of post- maize soil and decrease was maximum with the control and minimum with PM treatment. Roots accumulated more Ni compared with that in shoots. Increasing rates of Ni application increased distribution of Ni towards roots compared with that of shoots. Generally, Ni application (> 1 mg kg -1 ) decreased Mn concentration in maize shoots and roots but it increased in roots at lower Ni rates (≤ 1 mg kg -1 ). Organic acids differed for AB-DTPA extractable Ni in post-experiment soil. The EDTA increased Ni in soil solution to a greater extent than that with other organic acids. The Ni concentration in maize shoots increased with the application of organic acids with the exception of acetic acid that decreased it. It is worth to note that AB-DTPA extractable Pb remained higher with EDTA application than other treatment, but reverse pattern of Zn and Cu concentration was recorded. This indirectly signifies the Pb leaching probability with EDTA application if EDTA used for Pb decontamination of soils through phytoextraction.
ہسپتال دی نرس لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں سُن کے دکھ مریضاں دیویں خوشیاں لکھ ہزاراں چٹی وردی سوہنی تیری پئی دلاں نوں بھاوے ویکھن والا ول ول ویکھے ایڈا شوق ودھاوے ایہہ وی تیرا شوق ہے رکھدی لگیاں توڑ نبھاوے نال تیرے ایہہ جاسی جس دم جاسیں جنگل باراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں تن دی کریں صفائی بہتی ایہہ تیری مجبوری رکھناں خوش مریضاں تائیں ایہہ وی بہت ضروری من دی کریں صفائی جئے توں پاویں قرب حضوری عزت ہوسی تیری جیویں ہوندی نیکو کاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں کونجاں وانگ اکٹھے رہنا رل مل کرو اوتارا جتھے جائو لہر خوشی دی خوشیاں دا ورتارا ہمدردی تے جذبے تیرے موہ لیا اے جگ سارا تیرے نال ہے رونق سارے گھر تے وچ بازارں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں
تیرے ورگا حوصلہ مینوں کدھرے نظر نہ آوے ہر دی گل ہس کے سن لیناں تیری شان ودھاوے وچ مریضاں ٹرنا پھرنا بہتا درد گھٹاوے تیرے اس جذبے نوں میں تے دیواں داد ہزاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں ڈاکٹراں سنگ سہاندی ایں توں ، تاہیوں اوہ خوش رہندے ول ول تیریاں کرن تعریفاں اک دوجے سنگ بہندے ناز ادا تے نخرے تیرے نال خوشی دے سہندے واہ وا دل نوں بھائی جاون تیریاں خوش گفتاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج بیماراں ویکھ اقبالؔ ایہہ سسٹر سیانی گجھیاں مرضاں جانے ایہدے دارو نال تے یارو جاندے دکھ پرانے نیک نمازی ، خدمت گار تے ہوئے فضل ربانے اوہدی جے کر محفل بہیے کھڑکن دل دیاں تاراں لوکی تینوں سسٹر کہندے، کریں علاج...
The aim of this conceptual paper is throw light on Islamic principles for effective human resource management. A qualitative approach was applied. The extensive review of existing literature shows that Islamic principles of HRM gives due importance to manager-employee relationship which is beneficial for achieving organizational objectives. Some important and significant principles of Islamic human resource management are trust, sincerity, justice, consultation, equality, division of labour, delegation of authority and remuneration or payment of employees. Islamic management is based on mutual trust between managers and subordinates. Manager and worker should be sincere to organization. Selection and recruitment is based on merit. Justice is the most salient and important characteristics of Islamic management. Islam stresses on mutual consultation in order to resolve existing problem in the organization. Islamic principles of management are expected to benefit the organization, the employer and the employee. The study will contribute information and knowledge to the existing literature on Islamic human resource management. This study will highlight the scope and application of Islamic principles of HRM in developing effective management system.
The unavailability of reference images in real world problems makes blind image quality assessment (BIQA) a challenging task. The ability of BIQA techniques to assess the image qualityisdirectlydependentonthequalityoffeaturesextracted. ManyBIQAtechniquesare proposed in literature that follow a two-step approach that include extraction of features in different domains and assessment of image quality with the use of extracted BIQA features. TheperformanceofBIQAtechniquescanbedegradedwhenredundantorirrelevantfeatures are present in the image. Therefore, irrelevant and redundant features can be removed using feature selection algorithms that aid in increasing the correlation between predicted quality score and mean observer score (MOS) and lowering the root mean squared error (RMSE), which improves the performance of BIQA techniques. In this thesis, role of feature selection for BIQA has been explored and analyzed. The objectiveoffeatureselectionistoselectfeaturesthatcanhelpinimprovingtheperformance of BIQA techniques. The thesis starts by providing an introduction to image quality assessment followed by a survey of existing state-of-the-art BIQA techniques. The knowledge of existing BIQA techniques is utilized for optimum feature selection, which has not been explored for existing BIQA techniques to the best of our knowledge. In contrast to existing techniques, a three-step framework is presented in this thesis. Existing BIQA techniques are used for feature extraction in the first step. Existing general purpose feature selection algorithms are utilized to reduce the length of feature vector in the second step. The image qualityscoreispredictedutilizingtheselectedfeaturesinthethirdstep. Threeapproachesto feature selection have been considered. Firstly, feature selection is performed using existing feature selection algorithms. During the analysis of features, belonging to various BIQA techniques, it was observed that each distortion type exhibits different characteristics. Each individual distortion type affects each BIQA feature in a distinct manner e.g., Gaussian blur affectsedgeinformationintheimagewhereas,JPEGcompressiondistortiontypeintroduces blockiness in the image. Therefore, using same set of features for all distortion types may not be the optimal approach. Hence, distortion specific feature selection is proposed, which selects different features are selected for each distortion type. Impact of general purpose feature selection algorithms on BIQA techniques has shown promising results. However, thesefeatureselectionalgorithmscanselectirrelevantfeaturesanddiscardrelevantfeatures. Therefore, the performance of fifteen new feature selection algorithms, which are specificallydesignedforBIQA,isexplored. Theproposedfeatureselectionalgorithmsareapplied on the extracted features of existing BIQA techniques and rely on SROCC, LCC, Kendall correlation constant (KCC) and RMSE parameters. Feature selection algorithms based on SROCC and its combination with LCC, KCC and RMSE perform better in comparison to other proposed algorithms. A new BIQA technique based on natural scene statistics properties of the bag-of-features representation and feature selection algorithms is proposed in this thesis. The proposed bag-of-features technique utilizes Harris affine detector and scale invariantfeaturetransformtocomputefeatures, whichareclusteredusingthek-meansclusteringalgorithmtoformthecodebookvocabulary. Thisconstructedcodebookisusedwitha pre-trained support vector regression model to assess the quality of the image. Furthermore, the performance of existing feature selection algorithms is explored on the proposed BIQA technique. Itisobserved,thatfeatureselectionhelpsinimprovingtheperformanceofexistingBIQA techniques,byimprovingtheSROCC,LCC,KCCandRMSEincomparisontousingallthe features for a particular BIQA technique.