This dissertation consists of two parts, Part A and Part B. Part A describes the phytochemical investigations of Berberis jaeschkeana Schneid var. jaeschkeana and Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf (Berberidaceae). A total of twenty two compounds (111-132) were isolated from the two plant species. These include four new compounds namely; 10-hydroxy chondrofoline (111), 8,12,12a-trihydroxy-11,13a-berberin-dione (112) 10-methoxy chondrofoline (113) and docosyl-2-hydroxytetracosanoate (114) and eighteen new source compounds from these plant species. The new source compounds are: berberine (115), palmatine (116), columbamine (117), pseudoberberine (118), gallic acid (119), β-sitosterol (120), 8-hydroxy-7,8- dihydroberberine (121), docosanoic acid (122), methyl gallate (123), oxyacanthine (124), jatrorrhizine (125), 8-oxoberberine (126), β-sitosterol glucoside (127), 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine (128), pseudopalmatine (129), syringic acid (130), syringaresinol (131) and stigmasterol (132).The structure of all the isolated compounds were determined by various spectroscopic techniques like 1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, HMBC, HSQC, NOESY, COSY, DEPT, EIMS, ESIMS and HRESIMS. The structures of the new source compounds were confirmed by comparing their spectral data with the literature. Part B deal with the biological activities of crude extracts, fractions and compounds. Most of the compounds and fractions were evaluated for their anti-microbial, anti- trypanosomal, anti-fungal and anti-diabetic properties. Anti-microbial properties of fractions and compounds were determined using Alamar blue TM 96-well plate and agar xiv well diffusion method. Anti-fungal properties were evaluated using the tube dilution method. The anti-diabetic properties of fraction and compounds were evaluated by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme method. Berberine (115), 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine (128), jatrorrhizine (125), columbamine (117), and syringaresinol (131) and the fractions from which these compounds were isolated showed good anti-microbial properties. Similarly berberine (115), berberine chloroform (128), 8- oxoberberine (126), 10-hydroxy chondrofoline (111), syringaresinol (131) and their fractions showed good anti-trypanosomal properties. Most of the isolated compounds and fractions were also tested for their anti-fungal and anti-diabetic properties but none of them displayed significant anti-fungal or anti-diabetic properties. Some of them were moderately active.
وصال مبارک آنحضرتؐ کی تاریخ وفات میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے البتہ جن امور پر علماء کا اتفاق ہے ۔ وہ یہ ہیں۔ اول سال وفات ۱۱ ھ ہے۔ دوم مہینہ ربیع الاول کا تھا۔ سوم یکم سے ۱۲ ربیع الاول تک کوئی تاریخ تھی۔ چہارم دو شنبہ کا دن تھا۔ اس سلسلہ میں مولانا شبلی ( سیرت النبی۔ج۲۔ ص۔۱۱۲ ) حاشیہ لکھتے ہیں کہ ارباب سیّر کے ہاں تین روایتیں ہیں یکم ربیع الاول‘ دوم اور ۱۲ ربیع الاول۔ ان تینوں روایتوں میں باہم ترجیح دینے کے اصول روایت و درایت دونوں سے کام لینا ہے اور روایت دوم ربیع الاول کی‘ ہشام بن محمد سائب کلبی اور ابو مخنف کے واسطے سے مروی ہے۔ اس روایت کو اکثر قدیم مورخوں ( مثلاََ یعقوبی و مسعودی وغیرہ) نے قبول کیا ہے لیکن محدثین کے نزدیک یہ دونوں مشہور دروغ گو اور غیر معتبر ہیں۔ یہ روایت واقدی سے بھی ابن سعد و طبری نے نقل کی ہے( جزء وفات) لیکن واقدی کی مشہور ترین روایت جس کو اس نے متعدد اشخاص سے نقل کیا ہے وہ ۱۲ ربیع الاول کی ہے۔ البتہ بیہقی نے دلائل میں مسند صحیح سلیمان التیمی سے دوم ربیع الاول کی روایت نقل کی ہے( نور النبراس ابن سید الناس‘ وفات) لیکن یکم ربیع الاول کی روایت ثقہ ترین ارباب سیر موسیٰ بن عقبہ سے اور مشہور محدث امام لیث مصری سے مروی ہے۔ امام سہیلی نے روض الانف میں اسی روایت کو اقرب الی الحق لکھا ہے اور سب سے پہلے امام مذکور ہی نے روایتاََ اس نکتہ کو دریافت کیا کہ ۱۲ ربیع الاول کی روایت قطعاََ ناقابل تسلیم ہے کیوں کہ وہ باتیں یقینی طور پر ثابت ہیں‘ روز وفات دو شنبہ کا دن تھا۔ اس سے تقریباََ تین مہینے پہلے ذوالحجہ ۱۰ ھ روز جمعہ سے ۱۲...
Enough of humiliation and what India calls as defaming by the resolutions by OIC on Kashmir, India has dealt with the challenges it had to face to enter into OIC. The tale of challenges faced by India, and the reciprocal attitude of New Delhi is a concrete depiction of international politics based on national interests, and where International organizations voice for human rights but get overpowered by individual member’s national interests. This piece of paper encompasses a show of challenges what India had to face, could overcome them and how creating challenges for its rivals.
Modelling of curve of arbitrary topology is an important area of research because curve constitutes a basic tool for the geometric design in Computer Aided Geo- metric Design and Computer Graphics etc. The main purpose of this dissertation is to introduce new subdivision schemes because the existing one is not computa- tionally fast and the proposed one allow geometric designer to create different and high order of derivative continuous curves in CAGD which is novel. This disser- tation represents various flavours of curve subdivision schemes w.r.t. points, basis functions, continuity and smoothness, which have main concerned in geometric designing. For more attractive feature of these subdivision schemes, several tools have been discussed such as Laurent polynomial method has been used to investi- gate the smoothness of the subdivision schemes, H ̈lder exponent and support size. o Geometrical performances of the proposed subdivision schemes have been followed by explanatory examples.