The present study was aimed to extract, fractionate, isolate and standardize the chemical constituents from the plant, Quercus incana, in order to find out their phytochemical and pharmacological mode of action, so as to discover a new source for potentially active constituents used for the benefits of mankind. Quercus incana, which is a large evergreen tree belongs to family Fagaceae. The Fagaceae is a large plant family found in Asia, North America and Europe. Quercus incana has been used in different ailments such as diarrhea, neurosis, pyrexia, dysentery, pain, inflammation and burns healing in conventional medicines. It is also employed to treat gonorrhea and used as an astringent, diuretic, and various nervous disorders all over the world including Pakistan. In the present research work, the plant Quercus incana was explored for its chemical constituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for potentially new and therapeutically active agents. The bark portion was selected for isolation, on the basis of preliminary pharmacological activities and its common use by the local people and Hakims and Tabibs in different ailments. Some activities were performed on fruit extract also. Crude extract of bark and fruit of Quercus incana and the new compound isolated from bark were screened for various in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities like antibacterial, anti oxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory etc, inorder to give scientific background to various ethnomedicinal applications of the plant which will lead to safe, therapeutic, effective and economical way of treatment of different diseases and to examine and analyze the chemical composition of the plant. For the isolation of pure secondary metabolites, the ethyl acetate fraction (obtained from crude methanolic extract of the bark) was subjected to column chromatography. The structures of purified compounds were elucidated by using various sophisticated spectroscopic techniques i.e, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, UV, IR and EI-MS. The plant was found to be a new source of six compounds such as, betulinic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside, and quercitin. Three known compounds like β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol were also isolated. Quercuschin, which was a completely new compound was discovered for the first time from this plant source. Results of in-vivo biological studies reveal that the plant possesses very good property of producing peripheral and central analgesia. The data obtained from different experiments supports the use of the plant in relieving fever, and treating inflammatory conditions. The different in-vitro activities of new compound were conclusive of the fact that the plant is a good natural antioxidant and can be used to treat various bacterial and fungal infections. The isolation work done on the plant (bark) of Quercus incana yielded 10 compounds. In these 10 compounds, 7 were reported for first time from this plant species : THESE WERE , betulinic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside,quercitin , and one compound NAMELY Quercuschin: was absolutely new and was never reported before from any source AND was discovered for the first time from this plant source. 3 compounds were KNOWN compounds: NAMELY β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol, Findings of this research project, especially the biological activities of chemical constituents of the plant, strongly support the folkloric uses of the plant and its applications in traditional treatment. The isolated compounds strengthen these activities. However, further comprehensive research work on the crude extract as well as on isolated compounds is needed to explore and identify lead compounds of clinical effectiveness for the development of new drugs in order to strengthen the field of drug discovery.
ڈاکٹر عادل صدیقی ڈاکٹر عادل صدیقی(۱۹۵۴ء پ) کا اصل نام محمد شبیر صدیقی ہے۔ آپ چوہان برہانپور پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۸۷ء میں بطور لیکچرار مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں اپنے فرائض سنبھالے اور بعد میں پنجابی ادب میں پی ایچ ڈی کی۔ (۱۰۸۴) عادل صدیقی کی شاعری جدید رجحانات کی عکاس ہے۔ وہ اردو اور پنجابی میں بڑی مہارت سے شعر کہتے ہیں۔ اردو میں عادل صدیقی کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’نوید موسم دل‘‘ شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’غزل تم سے عبارت ہے‘‘ سنگت پبلی کیشنز لاہور نے ۲۰۰۷ء میں طبع کیا۔ حقیقت پسندی، امن و آتشی ، بھائی چارہ ،انسانی ہمدردی اور پیارو محبت عادل صدیقی کی اردو شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں ۔نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو: جسم ہے پھول اگر، روح کو خوشبو سمجھو بُو اڑی گل سے تو رنگت کے سوا کچھ بھی نہیں(۱۰۸۵) کاش پھر شاخِ تمنا پہ ثمر آجائے
Medical journals are a credible source of disseminating research and innovations, and Launching a medical journal is a challenging task. Many medical science journals are establishing a platform to publish quality research but still the task is tough and requires perseverance and hard work. Shalamar Medical and Dental College (SMDC) Lahore, strives to promote a culture of research. As part of this initiative, SMDC had launched ‘Medical Journal of Sakina Begum Institute’, but publication of the second volume was delayed due to the pandemic. Moreover, the name of the journal had to be changed due to some administrative issues. However, the committed editorial team was successful in bringing efforts for the latest issue to fruition.
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) is among one of the most liked vegetable in world because of its medicinal and nutritive value. Its‟ per hectare yield in Pakistan is much lower than its neighboring countries like China and India. Among various management factors diseases play a major role in low yield. Among the diseases Myrothecium leaf spot (MLS) has been noticed as emerging threat for bitter gourd and other cucurbits. Before initiating for the project investigation, a small scale survey was conducted to investigate disease severity and distribution pattern and for designing of structured questionnaire in collaboration with Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticides wing, Punjab, Lahore, and Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad. Survey area of the Punjab province was divided into Various zones viz Rice Zone, Cotton Zone, Mixed Cropping Zone, Thal Zone, Barani (Rain fed) Zone and DG Khan zone as described by PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council) zonal allocation system. These zones vary significantly with respect to climate soil, and crop management strategies. Disease index for the survey period ranged 25-30% According to 0-5 visual disease severity Scale (VSRS) disease severity ranged 1-4 on for mixed cropping zone while in DG Khan it ranged from 0-2 during the surveyed years. Cultivation of vegetable in tunnels makes it more susceptible because fungal inoculums and availability of alternate host make situation worst. Myrothecium roridum strain Mr 10 (accession # FCBP 1155) was deposited in first fungal culture bank, Pakistan and M. roridum strain Mr 37 (accession # DSM 28971) in Leibniz-Institute-DSMZ, Germany. Virulence of Myrothecium roridum population was evaluated against commercial variety “Jaunpuri” @ 1 x 105spore concentration under pot and field conditions. Out of the 54 test isolates, 23 were highly, 17 moderately and 14 were less aggressive and none fall under Avirulent category. The size of spore ranged in length from 5-8 μm and in width to 1.4-1.8μm. Physiological attributes influencing radial growth and subsequently conidia and sporodochia production of M. roridum were analyzed. PDA medium was found best to support the mycelia growth followed by BGA medium. M. roridum produced circular, flat colonies with floccose texture and filiform margins on PDA at 25 °C. The highest radial growth was observed at pH 5.0 followed by pH 5.5 with 16/8 h light/darkness period at 30 °C whereas sporodochia production was highest at 35 °C. Genetic variation among the test isolates, 13 primers were selectedfor RAPD amplification which produced 93 bands in test isolates. Out of 93 DNA fragments, 28% were monomorphic whereas 72% were polymorphic bands. The isolates Mr31 and Mr54 collected from Faisalabad and DG Khan made a clear subgroup A (genetic distance = 0.68). Similarity of M. roridum isolates originated from distant agro-ecological zones may be due to active movement of infected germplam. The attempts were made to understand interaction of M. roridum with M. charantia. Conidial germination and emergence of germ tube was observed on light microscope while combination of light, transmission electron and fluorescent microscope, germ tube emergence was observed after 6 hours and directly penetrate the host cells. Hyphae and conidia were seen in leaf veins beyond point of infection, leading to assumption that fungus is able to use vascular system for transmission within host. Susceptibility reaction of M. charantia commercial cultivars and candidate lines was investigated in pot and field experiments under natural environmental conditions. During early growth stages there was great similarity in symptomatic development of infection expressions whereas on later stages of plant growth trend of infection development changed under pot and field conditions. The potted plant exhibited 75-90 days life cycle and higher mortality at fruiting stage. Whereas under field conditions no plant mortality was recorded and plant life span was 110-130 days. Under field conditions different growth stages of the plant can be seen on the same time but highest susceptibility was observed at flowering and fruit formation stage. The spectrum of resistance was more clearly defined on potted plants rather than field. Under field conditions, varieties Cross 888 f1 hybrid, Long green, Jhalri, JK Leena, BG-7107, PKBT-1, BSS-616, VRBG 233 and Fsd long exhibited moderately resistant reaction. In case of susceptible varieties sensitivity was higher at flowering and fruiting stages. Management strategies adopted for Integrated Disease Management (IDM) revealed that Allium sativum inter-cropping lowered disease incidence (63 %), suppressed pathogen at 6-8 leaf stage and remained effective till harvesting while Curcuma longa (11 % under greenhouse and 5 % in field) and Colocasia esculenta (9 % in pots and 8 % in field) were least effective. Variation in mode of action of extracts on physiological response was recorded on macroscopic characters colony color, texture, margins, spore production and elevation. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Parthenium hysterophorus extracts revealed to inhibit the colony radial growth and possess significant antifungal activity against M. roridum under in vitro conditions. Chemical application intensity for vegetable crops is much higher than on field crops and same is true for M. roridum. Among the test commercial fungicides, Antracol at 0.05% and 0.1% significantly reduced the mycelia growth. In general systemic fungicides Antracol, Score and Cabrio top proved most effective against Mr37 isolate. Tested fungicides proved effective in the present study but could not completely inhibit the M. roridum growth. Tebuconazole cytotoxicity was evaluated and resulted in complete inhibition of spore germination at 5 mg/L whereas significantly reduced the germ tube emergence and mycelium elongation at 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L concentrations under in vitro conditions. Collected data was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis to measure the significance (P < 0.05) of results, including student‟s t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey‟s HSD and Pearson correlation. It is concluded that areas apparently looking disease free or exhibiting lesser disease index are because of newly adapted bitter gourd cultivation trend and climatic conditions are suitable for the cultivation of susceptible but high yielding varieties. Candidate lines including MONIKA(7004), LEENA(7005), CBT-36, and cultivars VRBG 233 and Green wonder showed stable resistance during germplasm screening. Local resources like, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Parthenium hysterophorus plant extracts along with the inter-cropping of Allium plants could provide effective management of disease in pathogen prevailing areas.