مولانا ابو الوفاء افغانی
معارف کے قارئین مولانا ابوالوفاء افغانی کے نام سے اور کام سے بخوبی واقف ہیں ان کی پیدائش افغانستان میں ہوئی، لیکن تعلیمی مراحل ہندوستان میں طے ہوئے اور یہاں کے باکمال اساتذہ سے استفادہ کیا، زندگی کا بڑا حصہ حیدرآباد میں گزرا، عرصہ تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں مدرس رہے، فقہ حنفی سے خاص مناسبت تھی اور امام ابوحنیفہ ان کے تلامذہ اور ائمہ احناف سے بے حد عقیدت تھی، لجنۃ احیاء المعارف العثمانیہ ان کی اس عقیدت کی گواہ ہے، انھوں نے قاضی ابو یوسف امام محمد اور شمس لائمہ سرخسی کی کتابیں ڈھونڈ کر جمع کیں، بڑی دیدہ ریزی کے ساتھ مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کیا، جان کا ہی کے ساتھ ان کی تصحیح کی، حواشی لکھے، انڈکس بنائے اور حسن و خوبی کے ساتھ طباعت کا انتظام کیا، وہ پرانے مدرسوں کے پڑھے ہوئے تھے، لیکن نئے محققین بھی ان کا لوہا مانتے تھے، افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ علم و تحقیق کی یہ شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کے بیش بہاکاموں کے جاری رکھنے کا انتظام فرمائے۔
(عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۵ء)
Many people propagate about the Islamic Hudūd i.e. Punish against crimes stated in the Holy Quran. They are of the view that the Islamic Hudūd punishments are more severe, cruel a brutal. Although it a propaganda against Islam. This negative propaganda is an obstacle, hindrance in the way of enforcement of Hudūd. If the Islamic Hudūd are compared with the other Religions, punishments for different crimes, which have been mentioned in their books and Religious history, they are either similar or more sever and brutal than Islamic Hudūd, i.e. Punishment. It show that more sever & cruel punishments against crimes were present in heavenly and man-made Religious before Islam. The research under consideration is about the comparison and contrast between Islamic punishments and the punishments present the international or worldly Religions so that it may be cleared to the whole world that only Islam is a Religion in the world that no other Religion can compete regarding prevention of crimes. It will highlight the sublimity and loftiness of Islam and also make it clear the fact of hollow, attractive slogans of the present modern time.
In this study, seventy five genotypes were screened out for seedling parameters under water stress and selected on the basis of seedling survivability keeping in view survival after desiccation and evaluated for seedling growth response under water stress. The selected six water stress tolerant genotypes (Kohistan-97, Shafaq-2006, Sehar-2006, Inqlab-91, Chakwal-86 and Fsd-2008) and threewater susceptiblegenotypes (V08172, Punjab-81 and MH-97) were crossed using line x tester mating design. The hybrids along with their parents were sown in normal irrigation and water stress environment using a randomized complete block design. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of water stress on genetic diversity of parental lines as well as F1 generation of wheat genotypes. Plants for each treatment were randomly selected and data on yield and yield contributing traits was collected. Estimates of General combining ability (GCA) effects indicated that under water stress, the line Kohistan-97 and tester MH-97 exhibited the significant GCA effects for most of the traits under study. Estimates of Specific combining ability (SCA) effects showed that in normal conditions, cross combination Kohistan-97 × V08172 exhibited maximum significant SCA effects for days to heading, plant length, biological yield and stem reserve mobilization. Whereas, for number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, leaf area and economic yield per planthybrids Chakwal-86× Punjab 81 exhibited maximum SCA effects, respectively. In water stress condition, maximum SCA effects were observed, for days to heading, 1000-grain weight, plant length, biological yield and stem reserve mobilization. For number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, leaf area and economic yield per plant highest SCA effects were found in hybrids Kohistan-97 × V08172, Chakwal-86 × Punjab-81, Fsd-2008 × Punjab-81, Sehar-2006 × V08172 and Chakwal-86 × V08172, respectively. Intensity of aphid attack on wheat genotypes at different stages of growth under normal irrigation and water stress environment was also studied.The highest number of aphids per tiller (1.00 ± 0.01) was recorded on Shafaq-2006 cultivar, whereas the lowest one (0.10 ± 0.01) was recorded on Sehar-2006x Punjab-81, Kohistan-97x MH-97, Fsd 2008x Punjab-81 crosses Genetic analysis and combining ability of traits would be undertaken under normal irrigation and water stress environments. Collectively, results suggested that selection by combining seedling survivability, root-shoot parameters and growth response in lab as well as in field can be efficiently used for rapid evaluation of water stress tolerance in wheat breeding.