Presented dissertation consists of four chapters. First chapter debated the data obtained over a study period of four years, from 2012 to 2015, and discussed seasonal variation and distribution of seaweeds in drifted biomass. Four sites Sandspit, Kakapir, Hawksbay, and Buleji along the Karachi coast were selected. Buleji was found to be the most productive with highest diversity (52 seaweed species) while highest average biomass was recorded at Kakapir (~146 kg/m2/year). Post-monsoon season showed the highest average biomass among all sites while pre-monsoon showed maxima at Buleji only. Sargassum wightii was the most dominant species at all sites whereas Cystoseira indica was found dominating only at Buleji. To the best of our knowledge it is the first systematic report on the biomass and distribution of seaweeds drifting at Karachi coast. Highest diversity site is not necessarily showing the highest biomass. The major part of drifted seaweeds belonged to the species of sublittoral algae. As a result of survey seven major seaweeds were selected for further studies. Fresh specimens were hand-picked from drifted biomass. Chapter 2 dealt with the nutritional composition and antibacterial activity of S. wightii, S. swartzii, C. indica, Coelarthrum muelleri, Melanothamnus afaqhusainii, Solieria robusta, and Codium flabellatum. Proximate analysis covered lipids (Folch and AOAC), protein (Lowry and C/N ratio), Ash, moisture, crude fibre, pectin, and carbohydrate (difference and Dubois). Carbohydrate content was recorded high (39.01 to 118.41%) in Dubois analyses, indicating the presence of certain interfering biochemicals. Some of these were discussed to justify the false positive interferences. Hexane extract and fractions obtained from M. afaqhusainii exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA and Salmonella typhi. Calorific values were also calculated and seaweeds were found as potential candidate as nutraceuticals. Chapter 3 dealt with the phycochemical analysis and pharmacological activities of selected classes of secondary metabolites including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Alkaloids were not detectable. This is the first ever report for most of the quantitative analyses of of phycochemicals e.g., saponins. Highly significant anti-inflammatory activity was recorded for the botanicals obtained from C. indica and C. flabellatum while C. muelleri and S. robusta showed delayed onset of action. All extracts exhibited significant to highly significant analgesic activity till 180 min. It can be concluded that seaweeds may possess lead molecules that can be used for therapeutic purposes. In chapter 4 antioxidant activities of six botanicals enriched with volatiles, and non-polar to moderate polar metabolites, obtained from S. wightii were performed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and TAC tests. Three of these fractions were prepared exclusively for fatty acid profiling. The antioxidant activity of these botanicals was found maximum for M001and H001 fractions, which showed higher activity than commonly used commercial antioxidants, BHT and BHA. These fractions were also subjected for GC-MS studies. Altogether 81 compounds were identified including 33 secondary metabolites and 48 bioaccumulated environmental pollutants. Secondary metabolites included 23 fatty acids (25, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, and 75, structures overleaf). Of these, 37, 40, 41, 56, and 60 are identified for the first time from this species. Other natural metabolites identified included 2 fatty aldehydes; 16 and 20; 2 fatty alcohols, 68 and 73; four isoprenoids, 36, 42, 43, and 57; and 2 phytosterols, 79 and 81. All these identifications have been made for the first time from this species. S. wightii was found to bioaccumulate at least 28 petrochemicals, 14 cyclosiloxanes, and 6 phthalates. Although few hydrocarbons and phthalates are reported as natural products from seaweeds but in this study are discussed as bioaccumulated pollutants. 28 petrochemicals, included 17 aliphatic (1, 14, 15, 19, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 45, 62, 74, 77, and 80); 6 aromatic (2, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 13); and 5 oxygenated hydrocarbons (4, 5, 6, 9 and 10). 9 and 10 could be the oxidative biotransformed product of ketones 3 and 4, respectively, suggesting that S. wightii is metabolising assimilated ketones. 14 organocyclosiloxanes included 3, 17, 21, 23, 28, 35, 48, 53, 61, 66, 67, 72, 76, and 78 while 6 plasticizers identified were 18, 26, 32, 44, 50, and 71.
آہ! مولوی نور عظیم ندوی دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے لائق فرزند اور ہونہار استاد مولوی نور عظیم ندوی چند ماہ کی علالت کے بعد وفات پاگئے، اِناﷲ وَ اِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔ وہ دارالعلوم سے فراغت کے بعد مزید تعلیم کے لیے مصر گئے، اردو کی طرح عربی لکھنے اور بولنے کی اچھی مشق تھی اور درس و تدریس کے ساتھ ہی تقریر و تحریر میں بھی اپنا جوہر دکھاتے تھے، جلسوں کی نظامت بڑی خوبی اور سلیقہ سے کرتے تھے، جس سمینار کی کاروائی وہ چلاتے وہ ضرور کامیاب ہوتا۔ پڑھنے لکھنے کا اچھا ذوق تھا اور اسی میں ان کا سارا وقت گزرتا، ندوۃ العلماء سے شائع ہونے والے اردو اور عربی جرائد میں ان کے مضامین وقتاً فوقتاً چھتے تھے۔ ایک زمانہ میں ندائے ملت کے عملاً وہی اڈیٹر تھے، تعلیم اور دوسرے موضوعات پر اس کے خاص نمبر بھی نکالے، مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی مدظلہ کی سرپرستی میں رابطہ ادب اسلامی کا قیام عمل میں آیا تو اس کے روح رواں مولانا سید محمد رابع ندوی کے یہی دست راست اور رابطہ کے ترجمان کے ایڈیٹر بھی تھے۔ ان کے پاس بعض اشخاص اور اکیڈمیوں کے مسودے تبصرے یا اصلاح کے لیے آتے تھے جن کو بڑے غور و توجہ سے پڑھتے، تحریر کی خوبیوں اور خرابیوں پر ان کی نظر فوراً پڑتی۔ اس معاملہ پر مولانا علی میاں مدظلہ بھی ان پر اعتماد کرتے تھے۔ ان کا وطن ضلع بستی تھا اور وہ مسلکاً اہل حدیث تھے لیکن ندوۃ العلماء میں شیرولشکر کی طرح گھل مل گئے تھے، بڑے خاموش طبع، کم سخن، خلیق اور متواضع تھے، ان کی عمر پچاس (۵۰) کی رہی ہوگی، آئندہ ان سے بڑی توقعات وابستہ تھیں لیکن ابھی اپنی چمک دمک بھی نہیں دکھانے پائے تھے کہ وقت موعود آگیا۔ خوش درخشید ولے...
It is generally agreed that every legal system claims authority, however, the notion of authority is one of the most controversial concepts found in western legal philosophy. There are various distinct problems involved in the notion of authority and the problem of its paradoxes. The first section of the present paper introduces the viewpoints of various western schools of thought and the philosophical analysis of the concept of legitimate authority. The conflict about the concept of legitimate authority reflects their code of life and concept of religions. The second section of the paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thoughts in connection with authority. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the Creator which is basic source of Islamic law, however, jurists differentiate between legal and moral values. It concludes with the comparison between Islamic and western notion of authority.
Diseases of the thyroid are common, affecting some 5% of the population, predominantly females. The thyroid axis is involved in the regulation of cellular differentiation and metabolism in virtually all nucleated cells, so that disorders of thyroid function have diverse manifestation. The pathophysiology of many thyroid diseases relates to TSH, T3 and T4. The TSH level is the most sensitive index of thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism especially as Thyrotoxicosis is the hyper-metabolic condition connected by way of eminent levels of free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), or both of them. Hypothyroidism is an ordinary endocrine disorder ensuing from shortage of thyroid hormone. It is frequently the key progression in which the thyroid glands fabricate inadequate quantity of thyroid hormone. As these disorders may severely affect the patients at almost all levels of physical, mental, metabolic and social conditioning that could be extendable to even death status. Not only this, but these diseases may become long lasting and can bring bad impact on socio-economic status of their concerned families as well. To elucidate some of these major relations, while keeping in view the various selected demographic details (age, gender and locality etc) of included patients, this study aims at understanding the relation between thyroid dysfunction and functioning of certain major organs of human body i.e kidney and liver. It also aims at studying the influence of thyroid mal function on lipid profile including total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C. To execute, the study was ethically permitted by the ethical committee of Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, xiii and was conducted in the Institute of Radioactive Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) Peshawar, Pakistan. Blood samples of all included patients were analysed in Pakistan Medical Research Centre (PMRC), Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 600 cases were chosen of 214, 195 and 191 each Euthyroid, Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid patients, respectively from the Institute of Radioactive Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM) Peshawar, Pakistan. A well designed proforma was used to record patients sample No, name, age, sex, address, clinical diagnosis etc: The blood samples of all included patients were collected, followed by their analysis for required parametric evaluation included with complete lipid profile, serum creatinine and alanine transaminase in comparison to T3, T4 and TSH of all respectively assessed patients. During this study, the results obtained regarding the demographical aspects of the patients revealed that female gender has categorically significantly high percentage of occurrence of thyroid abnormality as compared to male (75.8 % vs. 24.2 %). Similarly, it has been observed that in case of euthyroidism, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, the comparative number of cases of occurrence between female vs male gender were 162 vs. 52, 158 vs. 37 and 155 vs. 56, respectively. In consideration to the nature of abnormality of thyroid disorder, it has been observed that patients of euthyroidism i-e., 214 were more than 191 and 195 for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively. Results regarding locality distribution of the patients depicted that majority of those belongs to the local population of Peshawar and Charsadda region. Importantly, the data showed that significant percentage of patients was from Afghanistan. xiv Furthermore, results regarding age distribution of the included subjects showed that these thyroid disorders mostly exist among age group of 31-40 years, which may be the most effective age limit for productivity and where the above mentioned hormonal changes and associated activity become at peak. Results regarding locality distribution of the patients depicted that majority of those belongs to local population of Peshawar and Charsadda region. In consideration to the impact of type of thyroid disorder on the level of respective parameter of lipid profile, the results revealed that there was reduction of blood cholesterol level and HDL in patients suffering from hyperthyroidism as compared to euthyroidism. The Aims and objectives of the study were to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in male and female subjects of different age groups and to establish the relation between locality of the considered patients and thyroid disorder. The specific objective is to study the association between sub clinical hypothyroidism and hyper cholesterolaemia, and to determine the link of different degrees of thyroid dysfsunction with kidney and liver function. The data were finally imported in SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. The student’s “t” test is being used to find out the significance between two values, in various diseased groups. Frequencies, p-value, and other descriptive analysis were computed to calculate the mean and standard deviation of different parameters. Coefficient of correlation (r) was also calculated using SPSS version 16.00 as a soft ware statistical package. The correlation value (r-value) was calculated between two parameters i-e EU, hyper, and hypo with serum Lipid profile, CTN and serum ALT respectively.