Islam and Woman in the Contemporary Arab World: An Interpretation of Rajaa Al-Sanea’s Girls of Riyadh from Islamic Feminist Perspective

The present position paper explores to examine Rajaa al-Sanea’s“Girls of Riyadh” (2005) from the Islamic feminist perspective. Also, the study highlights the model of western feminism epitomised in the narrative under reference, vis-à-vis the Islamic concept of feminism. Islamic feminism grants equal rights to women and ensures its implementation in the Islamic state and society, whereas Western-sponsored feminism dwells on the archetype of women’s liberalism. That, in turn, leads to an anarchic and chaotic society, because of its believing in bringing women not only equal to men but superseding them in socio-cultural positioning. In the existing situation, the novel decries phallocentric society of Saudi Arabia and aiming at replacing it by the sensate-secular feminism that believes in the undue autonomy of the women. In order to investigate the presence of overwhelming patrilineal mores, the study pursues Islamic feminism as a theoretical model and employs reader’s response technique as a methodology. More far the findings of the research are concerned, the researchers conclude that replacing the patriarchal autonomy in the said society by Islamic feminism is befitting and benefitting than to replace it by the western feminism.

Organic and Inorganic N-Fertilizer Management for Rice under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Nitrogen (N) is the most important crop nutrient for improving crop productivity in rice-wheat cropping system. The continuous use of chemical fertilizer would lead gradual to decline of organic matter content and native N status in the soil, and decrease productivity in rice-wheat system. Alternatives have to be found out to improve the productive capacity of rice soils. Therefore, the present research was designed to investigate the application effect of six different organic N sources (OS) applied alone and in various combinations (75: 25, 50: 50 and 25: 75 %) with urea (U) on rice hybrid (Oryza sativa L., cv. Pukhraj), and their residual effects on the yield and yield components of subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Siren). The field experiment was carried out on farmer’s field at Butkhela (Malakand) during 2011-13. The results revealed that the rest (N applied plots) showed better growth, higher yield and profitability than control (N not applied) in both crops. The inorganic N fertilizer (urea) was more beneficial in terms of better growth, yield, yield components, and profitability in case of current rice crop but had the less residual soil residual N after rice harvest that showed negative impact on the yield, yield components and profitability of subsequent wheat crop when compared with OS. Among the six OS used [three each from animal manures (AM) and three crop residues (CR)], poultry manure (PM) improved growth, yield components, biological (16331 kg ha-1) and grain yields (8459 kg ha-1), rice grains N contents (22%), soil N content (726 mg kg-1) after rice harvest, and had the highest profitability (192,000 PKR) than other OS. Results revealed that application of wheat straw resulted in the lowest biological (13020 and 7916 kg ha-1) and grain yields (6200 and 3219 kg ha-1) in both crops respectively and also had the less profitability (28,000 and 39,000 PKR) under rice-wheat system. Among the three ratios used, applying the required N (120 kg N ha-1) at the rate of 50% each from urea and OS (50:50) improved growth, biological (19415 and 8298 kg ha-1) and grain yields (9417 and 3451 kg ha-1 ) of rice and wheat, respectively, and also had the highest profitability (328,000 PKR) under rice-wheat cropping system. In both years, the yield and yield componetns, and profiatibility was higher while using mixtures of urea + AM than Urea + CR. The combine application of U + PM had the most positive, while, U + WR showed the most neagtive impact on yield and profitability under rice-wheat system. Increase in yield and yield components of the subsequent wheat crop was noticed with the increase in residual soil N (sole OS > OS + urea > sole urea > control). It can be concluded from the present findings that combined application of organic sources with urea not only improved growth, yield and yield components and profitability of the current rice crop; but their residual effects also increased yield, yield components and profitability of the subsequent wheat crop. It was therefore, suggested that application of organic sources in combination with urea (50:50) could increase the productivity, soil fertility and profitability under rice-wheat cropping system on sustainable basis.