Agriculture is badly affected by heavy metals toxicity. To reduce the hazardous effects of metals, it needs remediation methods which are energy efficient, economically viable and environment friendly like “phytoremediation”. Some crops having potential to extract metals ions from soils without much polluting the edible part. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd), a pseudo cereal, being a facultative halophyte has the ability to survive under the metal contaminated soil. The research has been carried out in agro ecological conditions of Faisalabad comprised of two experiments i.e. (i) Screening of quinoa lines for heavy metal extraction(ii) Evaluation of the growth and yield of quinoa lines under heavy metals contaminated soil. Experiment I was conducted in net house, department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2013-14. While Experiment II was carried out at two different fields of problem soils at (Chakera Farm (UAF) and Chakera village) and normal soil at Agronomy Research Area Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Contaminated soils were selected on the base of soil analysis. Data regarding growth, morphological, biochemical, yield and nutritional aspects were recorded using standard procedures. All quinoa lines survived at 50 and 100 mg/kg and produced seeds. Results showed that translocation of heavy metals increased from root to shoot with increase in soil metal concentration in all lines with trend A2>A1>A7>A9, however A2 line was most hyper accumulator in leaf as compared to root. In 2nd experiment, four quinoa lines were allowed to grow in three fields under RCBD split plot arrangement. Maximum seed yield (4100 kg ha-1) was obtained by A7 which was statistically similar to A2 line (3648 kg ha-1) obtained from Chakera Farm (UAF) having sewage water application. While low yield was obtained from A9 (1482 kg ha-1) at normal soil (control). Both A7 and A2 lines exhibited higher biomass and seed yield at three fields. Both fields having sewage water application resulted higher growth and superb seed yield of quinoa lines as compared to control. Higher level of antioxidants, proline, carotenoids and phenolic content of A7 and A2 helped to withstand metal stress and might be cause of high yield under both normal and metal contaminated fields. Seed quality was substantially affected by heavy metal concentration in both contaminated fields. Metals concentration determined in seed samples of A7 was high as compared to A2. Hence A2 may be said as nutritionally superior quinoa line as metals levels were within permissible level set by FAO/WHO.
ادواتِ استفہام سے مراد ایسے اسما و حروف ہیں جن سے سوال کیا جاتا ہے۔ قرآن مجید میں بھی ادواتِ استفہام کا ستعمال بکثرت موجود ہے۔ڈاکٹر عبد ہ الراجحی تحریر فرماتے ہیں:
"تمام ادوات استفہام اسمائے استفہام ہیں سوائے دو کلموں کے "ھل اور ھمزہ" یہ دونوں حروف استفہام ہیں اور مبنی ہیں اور اسمائے استفہام سب مبنی ہیں سوائے"اي" کے‘‘۔[[1]]
نحویوں نے ادوات استفہام کی دو اقسام بیان کی ہیں:
۱-حروف استفہام۲-اسمائے استفہام
[[1]] عبده الراجحى،التطبيق النحوى،دارالمعرفة، مصر، ۲۰۰۷ء، ص ۵۹۔
The relationship between Pakistan and America has always been a focus of the media of both countries as well as the international media. Even a slight shift in the policies of these two countries for each other is capable of making newspaper headlines and attracting maximum attention of the press of both countries. This study is a comparative analysis of the editorial pages of daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) to explore the agenda setting role of two of Pakistan’s oldest and most credible newspapers, vis-à-vis the Pakistan-US relationship. The research takes into consideration a total of 20 years of Pakistan-US relations by dividing the period into two groups which are ten years before the incident of 9/11 and ten years after 9/11. This understudied period is specifically important because the relations between Pakistan and America during these phases have vacillated between periods of engagements, wherein Pakistan enjoyed the status of the most favoured ally without compromising its regional interest, and the periods of disengagements wherein Pakistan faced sanctions from the US and was left alone to deal with the aftermath of the Afghan war and the War on Terrorism. Hence, this study obtains interesting insights about how the two Pakistani newspapers which represent the Urdu and the English press of Pakistan highlighted the agenda-setting role of the press through the coverage of the issues between Pakistan and US on their editorial pages.
Transportation is a crucial part of a moving and growing economy. It delivers good and manpower across the city and countries. The use of public transport for mobility is not always a viable option provided the conditions and burden on it. The eective and ecient management of vehicles on road is important for sustainability of the transportation sector. The blockages on road, mismanagement at intersection etc increases the average waiting time of the commuter. The increased burden of private transports on roads is one of the causes for delays in arrival and departure times. The increase in number of vehicles is causing apparent increase in trac congestion. Trac congestion is faced by each and every individual in some form or the other. The problem is of individual nature and impacts the environment and society at large. The fuel consumption while waiting in long queues increases pollution. The cost is an added burden for the commuter