The focus of our study was quantitative vegetation description, community analysis, structure of forests, multivariate analysis and dendroecology, (age, growth rates) investigation of Shangla Pine Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Forty different stands dominating conifers species were selected randomly for this study using point centered quarter method (PCQ). In each stand 20 points were taken at every 10 meter intervals. Ground flora was also recorded by using circular plot of 2.5 meter at each point. Phytosociological attributes (relative density, relative frequency and relative basal area) and absolute values (density ha -1 and basal area m 2 ha -1 ) were calculated for each site. On the basis of importance value index and floristic composition five communities and four pure monospecific conifer stands were recognized i.e. Abies pindrow - Picea smithiana community, Pinus wallichiana - Abies pindrow community, Cedrus deodara - Pinus wallichiana community, Picea smithiana - Pinus wallichiana community and monospecific stands of Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Pinus roxberghii and Cedrus deodara. Among these forty stands Pinus wallichiana was present in 32 stands which was the leading dominant species with the highest density of 296 individuals ha -1 followed by Abies pindrow which was observed in 9 stands with highest 86 basal area m 2 ha -1 , Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara recorded from three locations, Pinus roxberghii from 2 sites and angiospermic tree Quercus baloot from 4 sites with very low 47 density ha-1 and 4.1 m 2 ha -1 basal area. Structure of these forests showed gaps in early dbh size classes as reported in many forests of Pakistan; however these gaps were due to illegal cutting and due to failure of regeneration. Therefore these forests are considered unstable. 19 Multivariate analysis i.e. classification, ordination of tree species and NMS for understory vegetation was applied to examine the vegetation pattern. Four major groups of tree vegetation were recognized for cluster analysis. All the groups were superimposed on ordination plane. Environmental characteristics (topographic factors, edaphic factors, soil physical properties and soil nutrients) were also evaluated for each group. Elevation was highly significant (P<0.001), pH, maximum water holding capacity, soil moisture and soil physical properties (sand, silt and clay) also showed significant (P < 0.05) relation, while the other variables did not show any significant relation. On the ordination basis elevation showed significant (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) relation on axis 1 and axis 3. Cluster analysis of understory vegetation were also resulted into four groups, all these four groups were superimposed on ordination plane. Age and growth rates of different sized trees of four dominant tree species Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara and Picea smithiana were estimated. In our study Age and growth rates of all four species showed highly significant correlation, diameter and age showed significant relation among three species, except Abies pindrow which did not show significant relation. The highest age was 326 years for Pinus wallichiana with 143 cm dbh sized tree. For Abies pindrow highest age was 412 years with 114 cm dbh size tree. Cedrus deodara 134 cm dbh tree attained 339 years while Picea smithiana highest age was 320 years. Forest ecology (Dendroecology) was also investigated to understand growth rates and its changes with the passage of time from seedling stage to mature tree of the study area. For this purpose three different aspects, variation in growth rates with time, variation in growth rate with different dbh size classes and variation in mean age with different diameter classes were find out. Growth rate was good in 18 century while it was decreased with passage of time. All these aspects showed non-ideal condition of the forest growth due to disturbances. Therefore forests are in critical situation and prompt action should be taken to save these forests.
حکیم حافظ خواجہ شمس الدین لکھنوی افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ دو ممتاز اہل علم نے وفات پائی، حکیم حافظ خواجہ شمس الدین لکھنوی اور سید اختر علی صاحب تلہری، حکیم صاحب تنہا حاذق طبیب ہی نہیں تھے، بلکہ عربی زبان اور اسلامی علوم کے فاضل بھی تھے اور شعر و ادب کا بڑا ستھرا ذوق رکھتے تھے طب یونانی کے تو ماہر ہی تھے، اور اب لکھنؤ میں اس کی عظمت انہی کے دم سے قائم تھی، طب کی کتابوں کا درس بھی دیتے تھے جن کے پڑھانے والے اب کم رہ گئے ہیں، آداب و اخلاق میں لکھنؤ کی پرانی تہذیب اور وضعداری کا نمونہ تھے، لکھنؤ کے متعدد قومی ملی اداروں کے رکن تھے اور ان کے کاموں میں بڑی دلچسپی سے حصہ لیتے تھے، ندوہ سے خاص تعلق تھا، اور اس کی مجلس منتظمہ کے جلسوں میں بڑی پابندی سے شریک ہوتے تھے، مولانا عبدالباریؒ فرنگی محل کے شاگرد بھی تھے اور مرید بھی، اس تعلق سے ان سے بہت پرانی شناسائی تھی آخر میں تصوف کی طرف زیادہ رجحان ہوگیا تھا، اب طب یونانی کے ماہر اٹھتے جارہے ہیں، طبی درسگاہوں سے طبیب کے بجائے ’’ڈاکٹر‘‘ پیدا ہونے لگے ہیں اور خالص فن طب ختم ہوتا جاتا ہے، مرحوم لکھنؤ میں اس کی آخری یادگار تھے، ان کی موت سے فن طب اور پرانی تہذیب و شرافت کی ایک بڑی یادگار مٹ گئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،مئی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Allah Almighty sent prophets for guidance of human beings and revealed the books on them, who strove for transformation of the society. Islam declared that master and salve, king and subjects, men and women, all are equal and slaves of God. They are equal before the Law. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said ‘‘All human beings have equal rights’’. The Holy Prophet maintained religious equality. He did not talk ill of other religious faiths, rather he protected the rights and prosperity of non-Muslims who lived in Islamic society. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) preached goodness among humans like truth and compassion. He also restricted them from vice like lie, betray, greed, pride, bribery and domestic evils. For being the last Ummah, the Holy Quran entrusted the Muslims with the mission of calling others to goodness and stopping them from the evil. This Paper attempts the role of Islamic teachings the transformation of the society.
This research titled, “Evaluation of Education System in Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Suggestions to Meet Future Challenges” was a survey research. The objectives of the study were; (i) To evaluate the role of University of Peshawar (UOP) and Gomal University (GU) in imparting higher education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), (ii) To compare prevalent physical infrastructure and instructional systems of both the universities, (iii) To examine the evaluation system of both the universities, (iv) To suggest the possible solutions to meet future challenges at university level. The study was delimited to (i) All campuses of University of Peshawar and Gomal University in KP (ii) Academic Sessions 2014-2016 and (iii) Regular faculty xi of both the universities (iv) Faculty of Social Sciences including the Institutes of Education and Research. Other departments are Political Science, Economics, Law, Journalism & Mass-Communication, Arabic & Islamic studies and Institute of Management Studies/ Public Administration which were common in the University of Peshawar and Gomal University D.I.Khan during the survey. From the analysis of data, it was found that at UOP classrooms were well equipped and furnished and provisions of all electronic facilities such as multimedia, internet and PowerPoint were available for effective teaching learning process. Whereas in Gomal University classrooms were not well equipped and furnished. At University of Peshawar departmental library fulfilled the needs of the students regarding provision of relevant/reference books and other facilities. While in Gomal University departmental library did not fulfill the needs of the students. Curriculum of the both universities at various educational levels was at par with other national universities. At UOP priority was given to research by providing adequate research facilities such as grant for research activities and organization of national/international research conferences, whereas GU did not provide such facilities to the faculty. The study recommends that physical facilities such as furnished classrooms, IT rooms, labs, multimedia, internet and stationary shop may be provided through developmental funds to the students and faculty of Gomal University. Further university management may do efforts to enhance the funding from HEC, philanthropists and national/international donors. Further it is recommended that as library is a major source of knowledge and information for students and faculty. Therefore the departmental libraries of Gomal University may be provided with adequate subject books/reference books, ejournals/ books and PCs with internet access for students and faculty by allocating adequate funds. Research is a major function of the university. Therefore the study recommends that priority may be given for provision of research facilities such as grant for research activities and organization of national/international research conferences in Gomal University by allocating adequate funds for research from HEC and other donor agencies.