Production of quality cereal food grains in adequate quantity to cope with the demand of growing population (> 3% especially in Asia) and maintaining the soil fertility, productivity and quality have been the query of objective for these studies. It is one of the challenges in the currently ongoing agriculture scenario that sole and excessive use of chemical fertilizers for rapid and massive crop production is reducing soil fertility, productivity and quality. Fertilizers application is causing health and environmental hazards and climate change due to global warming also increased threats to agriculture production. Researchers are trying to find alternate, indigenous, organic and comparable economic sources of nitrogen rather than synthetic chemical sources. A field experiment to evaluate the effect of pigeonpea green manuring on performance and the subsequent nitrogen fertilizer requirement of wheat crop, was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements having four replications. Wheat variety Atta Habib at 120 kg ha-1 was sown in the experimental plots and advance lines of pigeonpea were sown for green manure. Five pigeonpea green manuring levels at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days post emergence were planted to main plots, whereas 5 nitrogen levels 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1 were assigned to sub plots. All the data collected for various parameters were analyzed to explain the variations among the applied treatments. The integration of pigeonpea as green manure increased wheat yield and its related components. Green manuring at 90 and 120 days post emergence showed increase in emergence m-2, number of leaves tiller-1, leaf area tiller-1, leaf area index, productive tillers m-2, days to anthesis, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains spike-1, thousand grains weight, biological yield, grain yield, soil organic matter, concentration of soil nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. On the other side non-productive tillers m-2, soil pH and soil bulk density showed decreasing trend with green manuring. Less days to tillering (55.1 and 55.5), non-productive tillers (15.8 and .15.7), soil .pH (7.62), soil bulk density (1.42 gcm-3) as compare to no green manuring. Harvest index and soil electrical conductivity were not affected by green manuring. Nitrogen application at 90 and 120 kg.ha.-1 increased number of leaves tiller-1 (5.9 and 6.0), leaf area tiller-1 (123.8 and 128.2 cm2), leaf area index (3.2 and 3.3), days to anthesis (119), days to maturity (159 and 160), productive tillers m-2 (233.1 and 236.3), plant height (102.3 and 102.5 cm), number of grains spike-1 (53.8 and 54.8), thousand grains weight (41.8 and 43.8 g), biological yield (10248 and 10674 kgha-1), grain yield (3601 and 3766 kgha-1) and concentration of total soil nitrogen in soil (0.084 and 0.086 %) compared to lower rates. While decrease in days to tillering (57) and number of unproductive tillers m-2 (16.7 and 15.2) were measured with application of nitrogen at high rates, increase in days to tillering and number of unproductive tillers m-2 were found with less or no application of nitrogen fertilizer. Emergence m.-2, harvest index, soil electrical conductivity, soil .pH, soil organic .matter, soil phosphorus, soil potassium and soil bulk density showed no significant effect with nitrogen fertilizer application. Year as source of variation showed considerable increase for leaf area tiller-1 (121.7 cm2), leaf area index (3.2), productive tillers m-2 (225.0), thousand grains weight (38.8 .g), plant height (99.9 cm), biological yield (9135 kg.ha.-1), organic matter (0.95 %), phosphorus (3.41 mg kg-1) and potassium (121.20mg kg-1) and unproductive tillers (17.6), soil .pH (7.72) and soil bulk density (1.45 gcm-3) during the second year. In case of interactive effect of green manuring and nitrogen fertilizer application, with 90 days post emergence pigeonpea green manuring along with 90 kg nitrogen ha-1 improved wheat vegetative growth and economic yield, soil quality and maximum economic benefit. Conclusively, the incorporation of green manures 90 days post emergence integrated with 90 kgNha-1 produced net income of Rs.1,88729/-ha.-1 as the best combination for grain yield of wheat. It is concluded from the current observations that 90 days post emerged green manures combined with 90 kg N ha-1 are the best for sustainable wheat production and which could be an environment friendly approach as well as economical for the farmers.
Some famous books ofSeerah and Maghazi have been discussed in the given article. The important thing in the distinguished status of these books is the non-availability of their sources (Masadar) . The reasonfor its being unauathoritative is that early writers ofSeerah are mostly Tabaeen and Taba Tabeen. They did not refer to the original source (Masdar) because in those days the events of Seerah were verbally narrated and directly listened. Special gatherings and sittings, regarding Seerah were arranged in Masajids. Only those writers of Seerah have mentioned the sources (Masadar) , who had deep knowledge of Hadith; others have recorded different events ofSeerah in their books, without any scrutiny and investigation. This caused the penetration of certain invalid events in this field, which has been strongly objected by the non-Muslim scholars in their books.
Soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) is global issue, especially in developing countries where the knowledge and awareness regarding the hazardous contaminants is lacking grossly in rural people. Therefore, they are more vulnerable to toxic contaminants because of improper mining activities and open dumping of wastes. These contaminants with the passage of time make their way to nearby agricultural fields and enter food chain. Present study area has chromium-manganese reservoirs at larger scale and its mining has been continue since long ago. Pi results indicated that, manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), are present in higher concentrations from their MPL in nearby agriculture fields, posing potential threats to food safety, human health and soil quality. Use of biochar for the stabilization of selected HMs is environmentally friendly technique. Three different studies were conducted to accomplish objective of the study. The experiment one is about application of biochar to reduce health risks via consumption of rice (Oryza sativa) grown in Cr-Mn mine contaminated soil. Hard wood biochar (HWB) (3% w/w) was applied to three kinds of soil obtained from agriculture fields adjacent to chromium, manganese, and chromium-manganese mix ores. Two varieties of rice (DR83 and IR6) were cultivated in it and stems, leaves and grains were analyzed for HMs. Results revealed that HWB reduced the absorption of HMs significantly (P<0.05) in both varieties of rice. Dietary intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) were reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in V2. HWB reduced Pb concentrations in V1 (22 to 36 %) and V2 (95 to 98%) in rice grains, is particularly more important as exposure to Pb through contaminated rice consumption may cause cancer. The HWB application significantly (P≤0.01) decreased Pb cancer risk via consumption of rice. Hence, the results concluded that HWB effectively decreased the mobility of HMs in amended soils as compare to control soils. Results of the study are in support of the use of HWB to mitigate HMs accumulation in rice and hence reducing the exposure to HMs. In second study the efficacy of HWB was investigated for bioavailability of selected metals (Cr Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb) in degraded soil of mining and their bioaccumulations in vegetables and related health risks. Application of HWB to Cr-Mn mine degraded soil @ 3% to examine the efficacy of HWB for 2nd crop (in crop/vegetable rotation technique). Spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and were cultivated as 2nd crop in the same amended pot, which were previously used for rice cultivation as first crop. HWB reduced the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb in cilantro by 25.5%, 37.1%, 42.5%, 34.3%, and 36.2% respectively, in comparison to control. For spinach, reduction was observed for Cr 75.0%, Zn 24.1%, Cu 70.1%, Mn 78.0%, and Pb 50.5% as related to control. HWB significantly decreased (P<0.01) HMs uptake in spinach grown in amended soil. Results obtained from calculation of BAF also indicated that, amendment decreased HMs bioaccumulation in vegetables thus minimized health risk. Third study focused on a remediation technique using poplar wood biochar (PWB) and sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) at 3% and 7% application rates, subsequently called PWB3, PWB7, SCBB3 and SCCB7, for the immobilization of Cr and Pb in mineimpacted agricultural soils. In a greenhouse experiment, lettuce was cultivated in contaminated soil to examine the effect of selected biochars on minimization of HMs bioaccumulation and associated human health risk. Both amendments PWB7 and SCBB7 has reduced the bioavailable Pb and Cr significantly (P<0.01) in amended soil with increase in biomass of lettuce in comparison with control treatment. Risk assessment results signified that PWB and SCBB efficiently reduced the daily intake of metal (DIM) in addition with their associated risk due to lettuce consumption as compared to the control. The Pb human health risk index (HRI) for children and adults were decreased (P<0.01) significantly with SCBB7 in comparison with PWB7 and control treatment. Efficiency of both biochars (SCBB and PWB) at application rate of 7% to reduce Cr and Pb uptake in lettuce was (69%, 73.7%) and (57% ,47.4%) respectively. For both amendments, HRI values for Cr were within safe limits for children and adults. Values of HRI for Pb were not within safe limits except for SCBB7. The results of the study indicated that SCBB7 application to mine impacted agricultural soil effectively increased plant biomass and reduced bioaccumulation, DIM and associated HRI of Cr and Pb as compared to PWB3, PWB7, SCBB3 and the control. Based on above studies results it is concluded that biochar can enhance soil fertility, increase yields and decrease bioaccumulation of HMs. Hence, biochar could play a key role in reclaiming mine-degraded soil and decreasing the possible human health risks.