Pleasure versus Virtue Ethics in The Light of Aristotelians and the Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham

The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.  

Biosystematics of Aphids Hemiptera: Aphidoidea from Poonch Divisions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir-Pakistan

This study was conducted during 2015-2016 to explore aphid fauna of Poonch division of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Aphids, as the phloem sap feeders and with many species being transmitter of viral diseases in the host plants, constitute a taxon of serious pests of all agroecosystems including wild plants the world over. Thanks to the ecological backlash of modern era identification of pest species has become fundamental step in the effective execution of pest management. Notwithstanding reasonably documented aphidoidea from rest of Pakistan, comprehensive faunal studies on aphids hitherto remained unattended in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Two years’ exploratory survey in the Poonch division yielded a total of 69 species under 40 genera, representing 7 subfamilies, 9 tribes and 11 sub tribes of Aphididae infesting a wide array of host plants, including field crops, vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, medicinal, aromatic herbs, and wild trees, comprising 61 species under 56 genera and 36 families. Aphidinae having 57 species under 30 genera was the most species rich subfamily of the 7 studied subfamilies. The tribe Macrosiphini having 41 representative species under 25 genera was the most species rich tribe amongst 9 studied tribes, followed by Aphidini that carried 16 species under 5 genera. Lachniae had 4 species under 3 genera, Chaitophorinae and Calaphidinae each had 2 species under as such genera, Greenideinae had 2 species under 1 genus and 2 subgenera. Eriosomatinae and Hormaphidinae had 1 species each. The data is inclusive of 16 first, 19 second records in addition to 59 new locality records for Pakistan’s aphid fauna. Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) fragaefolii (Cockerell), Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) thomasi Hille Ris Lambers, Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) tetrarhodum (Walker), Metopolophium montanum Hille Ris Lambers, Myzaphis turanica Nevsky) Hyperomyzus pallidus Hille Ris Lambers, 1935; Macrosiphum gei (Koch, 1855); Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley, 1841); Neomyzus circumflexus (Buckton, 1876); Pterocomma beulahense (Cockerell, 1904); Sitobion africanum (Hille Ris Lambers, 1954);Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy, 1907); Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878); Uroleucon compositae (Theobald, 1915); Lachnus tatakaensis (Takahashi, 1937); Astegopteryx bambusae (Buckton, 1893) and Melaphis rhois (Fitch, 1866) constitute new records for the country. Aphis gossypii infesting as many as 31 host plants under 26 genera belonging to 16 families was the most polyphagous studied species. High species richness was found in surveyed sites located between 900 to less than 1800 meters above sea level. However, highest number, 54 species under 27 genera, were recorded from Rawalakot, followed by Hajira, 41 species under 25 genera, Abbaspur 34 species under 19 genera, Bagh 29 species under 14 genera and Khai Gala 32 species under 10 genera. Lowest number of species, 7 under 4 genera, were recorded from Toli Pir, the highest survey station. Taxonomic keys for studied subfamilies, tribes, subtribes, genera and species were constructed. Diagnostic characters, line diagrams, micrographs, morphometric data, altitudinal and temporal distribution, systematic checklist, distribution in study area of studied aphid species and catalogue of the sampled host plant species is provided herewith.