Present study was conducted on plant-microbe interactions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under wheat-rice and wheat-cotton rotations. Soil samples were collected from rhizosphere of wheat and used for isolation of bacteria on LB medium as well as on selective media for phosphate solubilizers and nitrogen fixers. A total of 29 isolates were obtained and identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Azospirillum (2 strains), Acinetobacter (2 strains), Actinobacteria (1 strain), Arthrobacter (3 strains), Bacillus (5 strains), Enterobacter (3 strains), Microbacterium (2 strains), Pantoea (one strain), Pseudomonas (4 strains) and one strain each of the genera Sphingobacteria, Terribacillus and Xanthomonas. In the present study, pqqE (a gene known to have a role in P-solubilization) was PCR amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of pqqE gene amplified from Arthrobacter sp. WP-2, Pseudomonas spp. T-27 and NN-4 showed maximum (80-81%) sequence similarity with that of Pseudomonas putida and that of Pantoea sp. WP-5 with Klebsiella (84%). Phosphate solubilization (a plant beneficial trait) activity was detected in 12 bacterial strains. Among the tested strains, high P- solubilization activity (207-311 μg/mL) was detected in the pure cultures of Arthrobacter sp. WP-2, Azospirillum sp. WS-1, Bacillus sp. T-34, Enterobacter spp. T-41 & T-42, Pantoea sp. WP-5 and Pseudomonas sp. T-27. The most efficient indol-3-acetic acid producing (11-31 μg/mL ) strains among the isolates were Bacillus sp. T-34, Enterobacter sp. T-41, Pseudomonas sp. WP-1, Arthrobacter sp. WP-2 and Azospirillum sp. WS-1. Selected bacterial isolates were tested as inocula for wheat grown in sterelized sand, in earthen pots (filled with non-sterelized soil) and finally evaluated in field trials under wheat-rice and wheat-cotton crop rotation. Maximum increase in grain yield over control was noted in plants inoculated with Azospirillum spp. WS-1 & WB-3 and Bacillus sp. T-34 under wheat-rice rotation (10-15%) and under wheat-cotton rotation (7-14%). Bacterial population determined at different growth stages of inoculated plants indicated maximum number of bacteria (108-109 cfu/g dry soil) at booting stage. Organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid) and sugars (sucrose and glucose) were detected in rhizosheaths of wheat grown under both crop rotations. Diversity of bacteria in the rhizosheath of wheat under both crop rotations was studied through direct soil DNA analysis of 16S rRNA using barcoded pyrosequencing. From the soil samples a total XIV of 46,971 cleaned sequences were obtained with read length of 319 bp. Among these sequences, 48.8% sequences were obtained from wheat-cotton rotation while 51.2% from wheat-rice crop rotation. Out of total 46,971 sequences, 11,729 (24.97%) showed 97% similarity with phylotypes having PGPR activity. The results showed that in wheat-cotton and wheat-rice rotation, Proteobacteria were dominant (25.1% and 35.7%, respectively), followed by un-classified bacteria (20.5% and 17.1%, respectively) and Actinobacteria (17.7% and 13.6%). However, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Planctomyctes, Bacteriodetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Nitrospora were also present. It was also observed that out of 495 different phylotypes detected, 280 phylotypes were common in both the crop rotations while 96 were only abundant in wheat-rice rotation and 41 were only present in wheat-cotton rotation system. Diversity of diazotrophs was determined in rhizosheath of wheat under both crop rotations by nifH sequence analysis amplified from soil DNA. A total of 41,287 nifH sequences were obtained with read length of 339-345 bp. The results showed that in wheat-rice and wheat-cotton cropping system, Proteobacteria were dominant (61.3% and 59.9%, respectively). However, sequences related to Cyanobacteria, Chlorobi, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Euryarchaeota, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria and Fibrobacteres were also detected. Sequence analysis indicated presence of nifH sequences belonging to 150 different nitrogen fixing genera. Among these 150 genera, 22.6% genera were present only in wheat-rice rotation, 12.6% genera were found in wheat-cotton rotaion and 40.6% genera were present in both the cropping systems.
ملا رموزی دوسراحادثہ ملا رموزی کی وفات کا ہے، ان کا اصل نام احمد صدیق تھا، مگر ادبی دنیا میں ملا رموزی کے نام سے مشہور تھے، بھوپال وطن تھا، اور مدرسہ الٰہیات کانپور میں تعلیم پائی تھی، مگر حصولِ تعلیم کے بعد خالص ادبی زندگی اختیار کی، وہ اردو میں ایک خاص مزاحیہ طرز کے موجد تھے، جس کانام انھوں نے گلابی اردو رکھا تھا، اور جو انہی کے ساتھ ختم ہوگیا، ایک زمانہ میں یہ طرز بہت مقبول تھا، مگر ادھر چند برسوں سے اس کا رنگ پھیکا پڑگیا تھا، اور مرحوم کے قلم میں وہ تازگی اور جولانی باقی نہیں رہ گئی تھی، وفات کے وقت پچاس سے کچھ اوپر عمر رہی ہوگی جو علمی دنیا کے لئے گویا شباب کی عمر ہے، مگر اتنی ہی عمر میں مرحوم نے شہرت و خمول کے سارے مدارج طے کرلیے تھے، اور بالآخر گذشتہ مہینہ زندگی کا آخری مرحلہ بھی طے ہوگیا، والبقاء ﷲ وحدہ۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۵۲ء)
Customs and traditions have a significant role in the social set up of every society. These customs project a picture of its culture, manners, beliefs, mental inclinations and life style. For social advancement, it is necessary for a nation to take reformative steps with respect to changing situations. They should adopt the customs that are productive and avoid the harmful ones. It has been a ground reality that the progressive nations have got the leading position having modifying their customs and traditions, while those who have been conservative are backward in the global race restricting on their outdated norms and so called customs. In the prestigious age of the Holy Prophet (BPUH) and his followers, various laws and principles were formulated for the uplift of society, which provided a broad based concept of “custom”. The Islamic jurists have taken the custom as a source of Islamic legislation. In the article under reference, custom has been highlighted with respect to Islamic thoughts in various ages of Islamic history in a number of recommendations have been presented in order to uplift the society and to aware the Muslim theologians and Muftees accordingly.
As the global stock of natural resources depletes the need of electricity efficient processes emerges. Laser cutting, an advance non-contact processing technique, outweighs the old methods such as hotwire and milling due to the requirement of retightening and replacement of cutting tools with time. Orthogonal array and Factorial design are selected as a design of experiment for modelling and optimization of Laser cutting process. The range adjustment of laser machine requires knowledge of experimental design, laser cutting process and material properties, otherwise missing values generate due to unsuccessful cutting. For this reason, many universities are unable to utilize these machines effectively. It is essential to formulate a technique which allows modelling the data with some missing values, consequently, it enhance the utilization of laser machines for research and other purposes. Initially, the qualities of output characteristic were modelled by Statistical and Neural network without missing values and then by supervised and novel Semi-supervised learning algorithms with missing values. The Statistical modelling results using one and two way analysis of variance with replication were better than other data mining techniques like linear and nonlinear regression, however, it is difficult to use these methods with missing values. Therefore, supervised neural network modelling is carried out and the effects of its parametric change are observed along the datasets size to model the orthogonal array. The neural network modelling results in edge quality and kerf width signal to noise ratio, it is acceptable, the edge quality indicates that modelling improves by pre-normalization, further improvement was made by increasing training data size to factorial design. It is observed that for the artificial neural network, supervised learning is not sufficient associated to orthogonal array, only due to edge quality mean modelling, average error were higher than the acceptable limit. The average error with factorial design was under 10%. The vast modelling experience of supervised learning engenders the development of novel Semi-Supervised learning algorithm. Consequently, the average error was reduced by utilizing the systematic randomize techniques to initialize the neural network weights and increase the number of initialization by using orthogonal array design of experiment, with up to 22% missing values. This algorithm reduces modelling time and cost thus reduces electricity consumption. The average error in Perspex sheet did not exceed 8.0% and 11.5% for edge quality and kerf width respectively. The overall quality was calculated by aggregation technique of data mining and a more generous and better aggregation is carried out by the novel combination of Fuzzy logic which provides overall quality for the customer while saving cost, time and Electricity.