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Home > Pollination Efficiency and Role of Managed Honeybees Apis Mellifera L. in Yield Response of Canola under Rainfed Conditions

Pollination Efficiency and Role of Managed Honeybees Apis Mellifera L. in Yield Response of Canola under Rainfed Conditions

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Tasleem Akhtar

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Entomology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10216/1/Tasleem%20Akhtar_Entomolgy_2019_PMAS_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676726960290

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Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil seed crop in Pakistan having the potential of bridge gap between consumption and production of edible oil in the country. Canola has high potential of yield but due to many limiting factors, farmers in Pakistan are getting three times less production than developed countries. One of these factors is the insufficient crop pollination. Pollination is an essential ecosystem service andcan be provided by managed pollinators (honeybees and other insects). A two year study was designed to assess the possible role of Apis mellifera managed pollination to enhance the yield of Brassica napus in Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi during 2015 and 2016. Pollen sources of A. mellifera during blooming period of B. napus comprised of 11.11% ornamentals, 33.33% weeds, 22.22% shrubs, 22.22% herbs and 11.11% crops. Quantification of pollens transported by A. mellifera reflected maximum pollens of B. napus followed by Calendula officinalus and Sonchus asper. Studies about determination of colony level pollination efficiency of A. mellifera on B. napus crop depicted that on average maximum colony foraging rate of A. mellifera foragers with pollen loads (281.2 bees/ ten minutes) was observed at 1200 hours on 10-02-2015 (6th weekly interval). Weather factors influenced the activity of A. mellifera colony foraging rate in the field conditions. A. mellifera foragers with pollen loads attained maximum colony foraging activity on 10-02-2015 (6th weekly interval) when the temperature was 21.5 ̊C and average R.H. was 60%. Colony condition of A. mellifera varied throughout the blooming period of B. napus. Maximum brood and stored food area of bees were observed at the end week of B. napus blooming period. xxiv Observations were made about insect pollinators’ visited B. napus throughout the blooming period. Out of thirty five species belonging to five orders and twenty families were recorded. A. mellifera was most frequent visitor comprised 87.66%. Managed A. mellifera had significant effect on yield of B. napus in response to two different treatments. The results about total numbers of pods plant-1, numbers of seeds plant-1 and seed weight pods-100showed significant differences between treatments and revealed that treatment T2 (Open plot free visit of bees+ other pollinators) gave maximum yield as compared to treatment T1 (Cages plants without honeybees). Seed quality parameters of B. napus crop also affected bytwo different treatments (T1=Cages plants without honeybees, T2= Open plot free visit of bees+ other pollinators). Hive distances also affected on colony level pollination efficiency in A. mellifera on B. napus. Colony foraging rate at different hive distances from the B. napus crop proved that colony foraging rate of A.mellifera started to decrease after 200m hives distance. Maximum foraging rate of A. mellifera was at 100m hives distance from B. napus. Effect of beehives distance from B. napus on brood and food stored area of A. mellifera showed that maximum brood and stored food area was found in hives placed at 100m distance from B. napus crop. Overall recommendation for using managed A. mellifera as an important pollinator of B. napus proved that seed yield of B. napus increased with managed pollination of A. mellifera as well as brood and stored food area of A. mellifera also increased with blooming progression of B. napus.
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76. Al-Insan/The Human Being

76. Al-Insan/The Human Being

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

76:01
a. Was there not a time in the past when the human being was nothing even to be mentioned?!

76:02
a. Indeed, it is WE WHO created human being of a drop of the mingling of seminal and
ovarian fluid of male and female, so that WE may test him during his lifetime.
b. Then WE enabled him with hearing and seeing and intellect.

76:03
a. And WE guided him on to the Right Path
b. to see whether he be grateful by following the Right Path, or be ungrateful by straying off the Right Path.

76:04
a. WE have definitely prepared for the ungrateful - by being sinful - chains and shackles and
a blazing fire.

76:05
a. As for the grateful - by being righteous - they will drink from cups containing a mixture of camphor/musk -

76:06
a. from a spring at which the servants of Allah will drink,
b. - making it gush out abundantly.

76:07
a. The righteous are the ones who used to fulfill their vows, and
b. stand in awe of the Time the evil of which will be encompassing everyone.

76:08
a. And they - the righteous – used to give food
- to the needy, for the love of HIM,
- and also to the orphan,
- and to the captive/prisoner of war,

700 Surah 76 * Al-Insan

76:09
a. saying within themselves:
b. ‘We feed you only for the Face...

تعلیمی نظام کی اصلاح کے بارے میں امام بخاری کا نظریہ

 Bukhari was an exemplary teacher. His teaching experiments, advices, and valuable analysis are beneficent even today. As he is famous for being expert in Ahaadeth (Muhadis), he is being ignored in the field of education.  His thoughts, described in Kitabul Ilm of Sahi Bukhari can be used to reform an education system. According to his advices, a teacher should be vocal, should understand and consider psychology of students. He should make groups of students on the basis of their intelligence, and should assign assignments to students to make them more confident. About questions asked by students during teaching, Imam says this is not beneficial. Teachers also should not be upset with proper questions asked by students. No one can become expert with his own study without consultation with an expert of the field.  Reading without the guidance of a teacher may be unhealthy.  Imam stressed even beginner students to do hard work and travel for research, and academic work.  To get knowledge and access to reliable teachers admission in an institution and fulfilling of all the requirements are necessary.  Imam Also considered women education necessary.  According to him women can get benefits only when their system is separate from men. Kitabul Ilm of Bukhari consists of advices for education system reforms. These advices can be used to reform the present education system. Purpose of this article is to analyze Imam Bukhari’s thoughts about education for understanding good and bad things in education.

Diversity of Soil Inhabiting Mites in Different Ecological Zones of Punjab, Pakistan.

Soil is a very complex ecosystem comprising of interaction of different arthropods including mites. Soil mites are a highly diverse group, having important role in agricultural productivity by increasing the soil fertility through the process of decomposition, mineralization and having good potential for biological control of different pests. They have potential to be used as indicators for soil quality and sustainable agriculture. Previously, no work has been done on the diversity of soil inhabiting mites from Pakistan. The project present in hand with the objectives to study diversity of soil inhabiting mites in different ecological zones of Punjab and to study the impact of different soil parameters and soil disturbance for crop production on the soil mite diversity. For this purpose, ten localities from four different ecological zones of Punjab were selected. Collection of soil samples was done on bimonthly interval for a whole year from these localities from two different types of soils i.e. undisturbed/uncultivated (soil type I) and disturbed/cultivated (soil type II) type of soil. Total 8851 specimens were collected with an average of 24.59 specimens/sample which is low as compared to other part of the world. The Cumulative and locality wise individual based rarefaction curves attained asymptotic level, except in case of soil type II of district Faisalabad and T.T Singh. The Shannon diversity (Hꞌ) value represents that the diversity of soil type I (Hꞌ= 2.71) was high as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=2.51) throughout the study period. Irrigated plain was more diverse as compared to other zones in both types of soils i.e. soil type I (Hꞌ=2.81) and II (Hꞌ=2.65). In Mesostigmata, soil type I was more diverse (Hꞌ=1.67) as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=1.26) while, in Oribatida, soil type I was reported more diverse (Hꞌ=1.77) as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=1.47). In case of richness, soil type I has more rich (16.59) as compared to soil type II (12.01). Similarly, in soil type, I, mean abundance (22.70) was higher as compared to soil type II (11.56) while irrigated plain zone has more mean number of specimens (28.59) in soil type I as compared to soil type II (13.03). Oribatida was the most prominent group with 50% followed by Mesostigmata 38%, Prostigmata 8% and Astigmata 4% individuals. Ten families were reported from Mesostigmata, followed by Oribatida with 9 families, Prostigmata 5 and Astigmata with only one family. The cumulative rank abundance curves for soil type I and soil type II suggested that presence of soil mite families and numbers of individual varies from different localities and time in various months. Week correlation of N and pH were reported with soil mites. Other soil parameters had no impact on the abundance of soil mites. Maximum temperature, rainfall and humidity had weak significant correlation with mites’ abundance.