پیش لفظ
کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ،
یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ :
ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے
ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے
انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔
سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...
The study assessed the relationship between the factors affecting the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University. It involves the total population of the dean’s listers in the said university. The independent variables are those pre-determined factors’ affecting the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University and the dependent variable is the grades of the dean’s listers’. The result shows the low relationship between the pre-determined factors and the academic achievement evidenced by the values of the p-values which are greater than. In terms of the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ their grades signifies their excellence in their different chosen fields. With regards to the pre-determined factors, the factor that got the highest mean is the teachers’ competence with 3.7639 and the lowest one is the learning environment with 3.6690. The study habits’ got the second spot among the 4 factors followed by the learning styles. Based on Spearmen Correlation analysis in the data gathered, the results revealed that there is no significant relationship between the pre-determined factors and the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University. The p-values obtained are less than 0.05 for all the data set; that is accepting the null hypothesis. The results clearly depicts that the students’ study habit, learning style teachers’ competence and the learning environment has no influence to the achievement reached by the dean’s listers’. On the other hand, it is still very important to make and to maintain these factors visible in the academic arena for a better learning and for a better outcome. The absence of these factors might affect the performances of the students’ in Caraga State University.
The present work deals with the ethnoecological studies on the herbaceous flora of Sahiwal Division with special reference to the documentation of ethnobotanical data, phytosociological notes and ethnopharmacological testing of ethnomedicinally important herbs including their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anthelmintic potential. The local people, herbal healer/ hakims were interviewed through questionnaire to collect and document the ethnobotanical data on the local herbaceous plants. In total, 180 herbal plant species, 177 belonging to 43 angiospermic, one species to one gymnospermic and two to pteridophytic families, were found in common use by the local inhabitants as forage / fodder, medicinal, food, feed and various other uses. The crude extracts of five ethnomedicinally important plants were obtained in polar and non-polar solvents (Water, methanol, chloroform and nhexane) by maceration method. The % age yield was found maximum in Cuscuta campestris distilled water extract and minimum in Aerva javanica n-hexane extract. The antimicrobial activity tested by agar well diffusion method indicated strongest antibacterial and antifungal activity by Persicaria glabra against Psedumonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger, respectively. The antioxidant activity was found quite convincing when revealed through six different assays. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by Cistanche tubulosa as revealed by ABTS+ Assay, TPC determination, TFC determination and Total antioxidant activity. The highest anthelmintic activity was shown by Cistanche tubulosa while least by Polygonum glabra. Vegetation of the study area was sufficient only for documentation, but insufficient for any economic purpose, yet some plants had shown very important phytosociological attributes. There was no much change in the soil parameters, yet ecological parameters like frequency, distribution and community structure were changing district wise. The TWINSPAN analysis of the vegetation of the study area divided it in to 3 groups and 12 associations, consisting of 159 plant species, in 222 quadrats.