المبحث الرابع: تعليمها
یقول الشاعر ’’نزار‘‘ عن شقیقتہ إنھا نشأت وسط عائلۃ أدبیۃ وراثیاً أباً عن جد، فقد کان والد الشاعرۃ صادق الملائکۃ شاعراً مشھوراً وکاتباً، وألف وحدہ ’’دائرۃ معارف الناس‘‘ وذلک سیر وشخصیات الأعلام المشھورین الراحلین من العرب۔ تتکون من 36 مجلداً، وھي ربما محفوظۃ إلی الآن لدی ھيئة حکومیۃ في بغداد، وإلی الآن لم تطبع، وکانت والدتہا شاعرۃ أیضاً ولھا دیوان ’’أنشودۃ المجد‘‘ وکانت مشھورۃ بإسم ’’ أم نزار الملائکۃ‘‘ ولکن اسمھا الحقیقي ھو سلمی عبدالرازق الملائکۃ۔
یتضح من ذلک ثقافۃ والدیھا، وعندما بلغت نازک الملائکۃ الخامسۃ من عمرھا فکر أبویھا علی أن یدخلاھا المدرسۃ، فاختارو لھا الروضۃ التابعۃ للإبتدائیۃ المرکزیۃ في العاقولیۃ۔ وبعد أن انتھت من الدراسۃ الثانویۃ التحقت بمعھد المعلمین العالي وتخرجت سنۃ 1942م۔
درست نازک العزف علی العود، والتمثیل، واللغۃ اللاتینیۃ، واللغۃ الفرنسیۃ، والأدب الانکلیزي، واتجھت الی کتابۃ النثر عام 1951م، ومرضت والدتھا مرضاً مفاجئاً عام 1953 فکتبت قصیدۃ سمتھا ’’ثلاث مرات لأمي‘‘ ودرست في وسکنسن عام 1954، وسافرت الی بیروت۔ وفي عام 1958م قامت في العراق ثورہ 14 تموزہ وقبل ذلک قد عُینت مدرسۃ معیدۃ في کلیۃ التربیۃ في بغداد، فلما عادت 1960م في بیروت الی بغداد تعرفت الی زمیل جدید في قسم اللغۃ العربیۃ في الکلیۃ ھو الدکتور عبدالھادي محبوبۃ وتزوجتہ ومعھا لیسانس بالتربیۃ منذ 1944م من جامعۃ بغداد وأیضاً دخلت معھد الفنون وتخرجت سنۃ 1949م من قسم الموسیقي، وأنھا حصلت علی شھادۃ الماجستیر في الأدب المقارن من جامعۃ مادسن وسکونس عام 1950م من الولایات المتحدۃ الأمریکیۃ، ثم عُینت أستاذۃ في جامعۃ بغداد وجامعۃ البصرۃ وأخیراً جامعۃ الکویت۔
There has been little academic research on Pakistan’s political economy for some decades now. Analysis of transition, structural transformations and their resulting impact on the formation of social classes have been missing. Zaidi1 correctly notes that “Akhtar’s is amongst the very few, and most recent contribution that provides a substantive understanding of Pakistan’s political economy”. Some of the key questions, not answered completely or avoided all together in Akhtar’s book, especially those that relate to the subject of religious class/or Islamization and the notion of secularism and secularist elite, have been raised by Akbar S Zaidi in his brilliant review of Akhtar’s book. The present review focuses on more substantive theoretical and empirical issues raised by Akhtar’s class analysis of Pakistan’s political economy. Framed
Sustainable development is a new and emerging concept of development. It differs from other indices of human development that ignore environment. It has three dimensions. They are economy, society and environment. It encompasses welfare of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations. The foremost objective of this study was to construct a sustainable development index by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method for 58 developed and developing countries in the period of 2000-2015 and then investigated the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. In this study, thirty nine indicators from society, economy and environmental dimensions were selected. The index value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 shows low sustainable development and 1 shows high sustainable development. The data of indicators used in sustainable development index was taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) and United Nations Organization Statistics (UNO Stat). Corruption was measured by Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and its data was taken from Transparency International (TI). Governance index was measured by four indices of governance by using PCA method. They were regulatory quality, political stability, government effectiveness and voices and accountability. The data of governance index was taken from World Governance Indicators (WGI). The determinants of corruption were explored against governance index, sustainable development index and other control variables. Panel Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) technique was used for exploring the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. Further, removing endogeneity and heterogeneity from the model, System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and difference GMM estimation technique was used. The results indicated that sustainable development index, governance index, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables were significant and have negative impact on corruption. The determinants of governance and its components were checked against corruption, sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability. The results indicated that corruption has negative, while sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability have positive impact on governance and its components. The determinants of sustainable development were investigated through corruption, governance, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables for panel of overall economies, panel of high income and panel of low income viii economies. The results indicated that corruption has negative impact on sustainable development, while governance index and its components, law and order, democratic accountability and political globalization have positive impact on sustainable development. The policy implications from empirical findings of this study are as follows. For reducing corruption, it should improve sustainable development, governance, democratic accountability and law and order. For improving governance, the sustainable development, democratic accountability and law and order should be better, corruption should be reduce for good governance. Finally, for improving sustainable development, corruption should be reduce and governance, democratic accountability, law and order and political globalization should be improve. The future research will be targeted to construct a sustainable development index for all countries of the world and will analyze the impact of corruption and governance on sustainable development.