This thesis focuses on the population biology of Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq.), member of family (Capparaceae) a summer annual plant, for two consecutive years 2012 and 2013 under undisturbed and disturbed environments respectively. The aspects which have been studied with respect to disturbance includes the demographic patterns, vegetative and reproductive growth, seed bank and dispersal patterns of G. gynandra. Any change in the external environment also impacts the physiological behaviors of plant, therefore, this thesis also presents the impact of disturbance on the nutrients status of G. gynandra population. Field work was carried out in the campus area, University of Karachi. The site was relatively undisturbed in the year 2012 and planned construction activities were ongoing in the nearing vicinities. With the passage of time, levels of anthropic as well as grazing disturbances increased in the entire area. Eventually, in the year 2013 the study site was no longer secluded and various disturbance agents were observed to exist. Evident disturbances included grazing, trampling, garbage dumping, burning and vehicle parking. Demographic studies revealed that G. gynandra populations increased immediately following seasonal monsoon showers and mortality increased towards the later stages of plant life. Plant density, vegetative and reproductive growth, dry weights and biomass allocation to component organs declined in the year 2013 (disturbed). Significant differences were observed in the buried seed reserves at three phenological stages, i.e. before rainfall, after rainfall and after dispersal. The overall seed density was low in the year 2013 versus that in 2012. Seeds of G. gynandra covered greater dispersal distances in the year 2013 (disturbed) versus 2012 (undisturbed) pertaining to movement of seeds via disturbance agents. In the soil and leaf samples of G. gynandra collected from the study area, significant differences were not observed in the amount of inorganic nutrients between disturbed and undisturbed years, primarily due to their gradual input through disturbance activities from time to time. Carbon, metal oxides and silicon were present in greater quantities compared to other inorganic nutrients in both the years. Significant decrease was observed in the amount of total and reducing sugars, total proteins and chlorophyll “a” content in the leaf samples of G. gynandra plants in year 2013 (disturbed) versus 2012 (undisturbed) which is attributed to the impact of defoliation and mechanical damage to physiological functions in G. gynandra population.
مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی/نورالدین حیدرآباد سے واپس پہنچتے ہی مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد صاحب ندوی اورجناب نورالدین صاحب بیرسٹر کے حادثۂ وفات کی خبراچانک سُنی توجی دھک سے ہوکر رہ گیا اورقلب ودماغ پرگویا بجلی گرپڑی۔ شاہ صاحب ندوۃ العلماء کے گل سرسبد، نہایت پختہ قلم مصنف، تاریخ اسلام کے وسیع النظر محقق، اردو زبان کے ادیب اورسوباتوں کی ایک بات یہ ہے کہ مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کے صحیح جانشین اوران کے قائم مقام تھے، اوراس میں کوئی شبہ نہیں کہ تقسیم ہند کے بعد سے اب تک انہوں نے دارالمصنفین کے علمی وقار اورمرتبہ کو قائم و برقرار رکھا اور ملک کے نہایت سخت طوفانی دور میں بھی اس باغیچۂ علم وادب کی جس طرح حفاظت اوردل وجان سے اس کی آبیاری کی وہ ان کی قبائے فضل کا تکمۂ زریں ہے۔ علم وفضل اورتحقیق وتصنیف کے علاوہ اخلاق وعادات اورکردار وعمل کے اعتبار سے بھی وہ سلف صالحین کانمونہ تھے نہایت مخلص،بے لوث، عابد و زاہد، خندہ جبیں،شگفتہ طبع،ملنسار اورمتواضع اورمرنجان ومرنج۔ موخرٔ الذکر ہندوستان کے نامی گرامی بیرسٹر تھے سپریم کورٹ کے ممتاز قانون دانوں میں ان کاشمار ہوتاتھا۔ قومی اورملی کاموں میں پیش پیش رہتے تھے۔ طبیعت قلندرانہ پائی تھی۔ایک برس دلی کے مئیر ( MAYOR)اوراس حیثیت سے بہت کامیاب رہے تھے، دوسرے برس انہوں نے میئر ہونے سے انکار کردیا۔مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کی وائس چانسلر شپ کئی مرتبہ پیش کی گئی لیکن انہوں نے قبول نہیں کی، وہ اگر چاہتے تومرکزی کابینہ میں شمولیت اورکسی ملک کی سفارت کاحصول اُن کے لیے معمولی بات تھی، لیکن کبھی ان چیزوں کی طرف انہوں نے آنکھ اٹھا کر نہیں دیکھا۔ بیرسٹر بہت اونچے درجے کے تھے، وہ بہت آسانی سے کروڑ پتی بن سکتے تھے، لیکن عمر بھر کرایہ کے مکان میں رہے، اور یوں بھی بہت سادہ...
Many assume that people who have grown up do not have the opportunity to memorize the Qur'an because of the difficulties that will be faced in the process of memorizing it rather than in childhood. This research aims to find out (1) the application of the takrir method in Ponpes Matholib As-Suluk. (2) factors that affect students' ability to memorize by takrir method, (3) the quality of memorization of the holy verse of the Qur'an using the takrir method. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods. Through the technique of interviewing, observation and documentation studies, several findings were obtained: (1) the application of the takrir method in Ponpes Matholib As-Suluk was applied through the repetition of santri memorization in four ways: individual takrir, collective takrir with friends, takrir with teachers, and takrir at prayer time; (2) there are 2 factors that affect the application of takrir methods: internal (santri mood) and external factors (pesantren environmental support); and (3) the application of this method succeeded in improving the quality of santri memorization because the students were able to improve their memorization quite quickly and they were also able to reread verses and surahs that had been memorized quite smoothly.
The institution of the state is core need of the human society for its solidarity, safety and peace. Islam,
being a comprehensive philosophy of life, provides human being with guidance for every sphere of life
and for all institutions of society. Islam not only has given basic principles to run a state, but also has
practically manifested the same principles in the form of a model Islamic Welfare State, established by
the last of the Holy Prophets, Hazrat Muhammad SAW, in the middle ages.
The Muslim communities of twenty first century wish to have a modern Islamic state. But the question
rises, how to create an Islamic state, in modern times? Same is the topic of the following research. The
study discovers the philosophy, distinctive features and basic principles to establish the desired Islamic
state, in the light of thoughts presented by Islamist Political scientists.
The first chapter is based on introductory study of the institute of state and nature of Islamic state. It
discloses the basics of politics in Islam. There is also descriptive study of the basic principle of Islam
regarding establishment and governance of state. Second chapter explains Islamic form of government,
its structure and distinctive features. In the third chapter, judiciary, education, economy and foreign
affairs in Islamic state are explained. Fourth chapter focuses Islamic culture and, social system and
civilization in an Islamic state. The last chapter discovers underlying concepts of basic human rights in
Islamic state. At the end this chapter analyzes the concept and objectives of Jihad in Islam and
international affairs of Islamic state with reference to modern globalized world. The dissertation
concludes with the essence and results of research.
Hopefully, the confirmatory research will stand out as an important study about a modern Islamic state
and will open an arena of further research on the topic.