Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan; which makes about 44% of the total geographical area of the country. The livestock sector is very important with the province housing about 20% of the national stock. At present national camel herd comprises about one million heads of camels, and 13% growth rate has been observed since 1996 to 2006. Out of the total national camel population 41% found in Balochistan province alone. The country produced 38.69 billion liters milk in year 2006-2007 and made its place as one of the higher milk producing country in international ranking but per capita milk availability (170. liter) is still very low. The share of different species has been reported as buffalo 25.04 billion liters, cow 13.33 billion liters and goats 0.32 billion liters. In spite of 0.92 million camel populations, camel milk has not been documented in the grey record and has never been appreciated, valued and estimated properly. No doubt the automobile and machine transportation decreased its draught role, but it is still an important food animal and indigenous animal genetic resource. Camel is a hardy animal and has proved his worth in the long prevailing droughts in Balochistan, remained almost for 10 years (1994-2004). According to camel herders, the only cause was the hardiness of camel and long traveling ability enabling him to access to feed sources and water points. It was revealed that camel still play important role, provide cash earning, transportation, food and wool, etc. The camel herds in the northeastern Districts of Balochistan are mostly practice semi-nomadic livestock keeping system, therefore, they follow a regular pattern of seasonal migration according to the season, foliage availability and agricultural operations. Women perform all management practices at home, and take care of young and sick animals. Camel is the major player and the food and livelihood earning source in the existence of pastorals people of Suleiman mountainous region. Mangrota camel fair (Mela) is one of the largest socioeconomic activities of camel herders of the said region, which is held every year in the month of October, in Mangrota town. Mangrota is a town of tehsil Thonsa, District Dera Ghazi Khan in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It was found that the camels are brought mainly by the people of viSuleiman mountainous region, bought mostly by the people of NWFP (North West Frontier Province) and Western and Central Balochistan. The herders avail a good opportunity for the sale of their animals on one hand and exchange their expertise, vision and social chit chat on the other hand. Camels are a potential milch animal and produce more and quality milk than any indigenous cattle breed in Pakistan, but their potential have never been realized and couldn’t be harvested as a prospective milk producing animal. A study on milk production ability was conducted on 40 lactating camels in northeastern Balochistan and samplings were done at the end of each second week (level) for a whole lactation in 2006. The daily milk yield ranged from 6.045-11.732 kg/day with a mean daily yield as 10.22±0.43 kg/day (mean±SE). The lactation length ranged from 231-275 days with a mean of 259±7.02 days. Many factors found affecting daily and lactation yield i.e. affect of age and parity, stage of lactation, season of production, type/breed of camel and calving season on milk production. Among parities, 5 th parity (13.50 year) of age had the highest lactation yield (3168 kg) of milk followed by 3 rd parity (8.75 year) of age with (3051 kg) of milk and 4 th parity (11.45 year) of age with (3010 kg) of milk and lowest milk was produced in the 1 st parity (4.5 year of age ) with (1566 kg) (p>0.05). Six multiparious camels regularly milking were selected for the study of milk composition, and the milk was analyzed for two stages of lactation (2 nd and 7 th month of lactation). The study revealed that the Kohi camel milk contains average of fat, protein, lactose and ash contents as 2.63, 5.05, 4.01 and 0.70%, respectively. The parity affected the milk fat, protein, lactose and ash contents. The fat and protein contents increased with the advancement of the parity but to a certain level (parity 5). Stage of lactation also affected the milk composition and fat percentage was higher (2.70%) in the second stage of lactation than (2.57%) those of first stage. protein was higher in the first stage of lactation (5.56% and 4.15% respectively) than second stage of lactation (4.54% and 3.87% respectively). Lactose was higher in the first stage of lactation (3.67%) than second stage of lactation (2.55%), while the ash was higher in the second stage of lactation (0.73%) than first stage of lactation (0.68%). Average mineral profile of the milk samples was observed as Na (49.42 mg/100g), Mg (15.04 mg/100g), Fe (0.55 mg/100g), Mn (0.066 mg/100g), Cu (0.22 mg/100g) and Zn (1.42 mg/100g). All minerals viiexcept Na had showed a very minute variation among parities. An irregularity was found in the chemical composition of the camel milk based on the parity and stage of lactation. Not only the parity and stage of lactation but also the age of the animal, continuous herd’s movement, nutritional management and the seasonal difference might have contributed in the cause of all irregularities. Keeping in view the important roles camel play and its future importance as a valuable animal genetic resource, authorities are stressed upon to reconsider this animal specie in the research and development plans of the country. The potential of camels as a dairy animal was demonstrated under traditional management, to further elucidate factors affecting the milk yield capacity, studies under different management and controlled environment were recommended.
پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی وسطی پنجاب قمر زمان کائرہ کا توقیر اکرم کائرہ شہید کو شہید محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو کی تحفظ کی خاطر 27دسمبر2007ء کو لیاقت باغ میں جام شہادت نوش کر نے پر سلام اور خراج عقیدت پیش کیا۔
اپنے پیغام میں ان کا کہنا تھا شہید رانی ،شہید توقیر کائرہ سمیت تمام جمہوری شہیدوں کی وطن عزیز میں جمہور ،جمہوریت کی بحالی اور ایک خوشحال ،ترقی یافتہ پاکستان کا خواب انشاء اﷲنوجوان قیادت جناب چیئر مین پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی بلاول بھٹو زرداری کی شکل میں پایہ تکمیل تک پہنچایا جائے گا ۔
آج وطن عزیز ایک مرتبہ پھر تاریخ کی مشکل ترین صورتِ حال سے دوچار ہے ۔پاکستان میں آج سیاسی ،معاشرتی ،معاشی اور اخلاقی فقدان نظر آ رہا ہے ۔ایک مرتبہ وطن عزیز کے مظلوم ، کسان ،مزدور ،غریب اور دیہاڑی دار طبقہ کی نظریں پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے اوپر ہیں ۔انشاء اﷲپاکستان پیپلز پارٹی اپنی تاریخی ذمہ داری اداکرتے ہوئے وطن عزیز کے تمام مسائل کو حل کر کے قائد اعظم محمد علی جناح قائد عوام شہید ذوالفقار علی بھٹو اور شہید رانی محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو کا مشن جو ایک خوشحال ترقی یافتہ ،آئینی اور جمہوری پاکستان کا تھا انشاء اﷲ عوام کی طاقت سے تکمیل تک پہنچا کر دم لیں گے ۔
Abstract: Heela (-f*) is an Arabic word used as a term in Islamic Jurisprudence. In English language it can be explained "evasiveness" which can be interrupted in to ways as a person may understand something else than the meaning ofspeaker without labelling the lie. It demands wisdom and minuteness to be usedfor achieving the objectives. It legitimately lawful evasiveness and sinful evasiveness all two dimensions fit. The valid evasiveness fulfill all the legal requirements. It has further three types. Infirst type although evasiveness may be invalid but the achieved purpose must be lawful and valid. For example, a woman, who hasfiledfor divorcedfrom her husband can present before jury the fake witness, in order to achieve her purpose. In second type an evasiveness may be used as mean of profit or hurdlefrom getting a loss. It has the relation ofcause and effect. While in third type it has an element ofambiguity, which may be used to avoid the loss by misleading or giving false statement. Sinful evasiveness is the one which is used to achieve an illegal target. It is further divided into three types. In first type the evasiveness and the required purpose both stand illegal. In second type the evasiveness may be lawful but the targeted objective is unlawful. While in third type the evasiveness and the purpose both may be valid but these are manipulated to achieve an illegal purpose and objective.
Multiferroic Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3(BFO) is one of the rare compounds which gained huge attention of researchers in last few years due to the coexistence of magnetism and ferroelectricity at room temperature. Its both antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric transition temperatures at well above the room temperature which makes it a more potential candidate for device applications. In device applications, both bulk and thin films studies have great importance. In current research work, BFO materials have been investigated in both forms (bulk and thin films). The work has been divided into three parts: The first part which is very important is based on the successful synthesis of pure BFO phase and rare earth (Ho and Dy) doped BFO ceramic by solid state reaction method; The second part is the fabrication of Ho doped thin films using the pulsed laser deposition technique; In the third and the last part, different types of ions (heavy, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and diamagnetic) are implanted on pure and Dy doped BFO ceramic. Pure and rare-earth doped (Ho and Dy) BiFeO3 have been prepared by conventional solid state reaction method using Bi2O3, Fe2O3, Ho2O3 and Dy2O3 powders as starting precursor. All oxides have been mixed with an appropriate stoichiometric ratio and then grounded well in acetone medium and calcined. The calcined powder was pressed into pellets of 2.54 cm diameter and 3-4 mm thickness using PVA as a binder with the help of a hydraulic pelletizer at an applied pressure of 98 kPa. Finally, the pellets were sintered at 850 °C for 2 hours. These pellets have been used for the thin films fabrication and are used as a target for ion implantation. The thin films of Bi1-xHoxFeO3 (with x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) have been successfully grown on Si (100) substrates using pulsed laser deposition and the effect of Ho doping on the crystal structure, dielectric and magnetic properties are studied by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), impedance analyzer and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The structural change and enhanced magnetic properties have been observed after Ho doping in BFO thin films. Ho doped thin films have also shown good dielectric behavior as compared to un-doped BiFeO3. The enhancement of these properties due to Ho doping is discussed along with their relevance in designing multiferroic materials based on Bi1 xHoxFeO3 films for magnetic field sensors, multiple-state memories and spintronic elements. Implantation of diamagnetic (Au+, As+, Ge+), paramagnetic (Y+) and ferromagnetic (Co+) ions induced modification in structural and multiferroic properties of pure phase BiFeO3 (BFO) ceramics. BFO samples are implanted by 500 keV ions of Au+, As+, Ge+, Y+ and Co+ at constant ion fluence 3×1012 ions/cm2. The nuclear and electronic energy losses at 500 keV Au+, As+, Ge+, Y+ and Co+ ions on target BFO have been calculated by software STOPPING RANGE OF IONS IN MATTER (SRIM). Effect of different ions implantation is explained in terms of structural change coupled with amorphization/ recrystallization due to ion implantation probed through XRD, SEM, EDX and XPS. XRD patterns show broad diffuse contributions due to amorphization in implanted samples. The Rietveld refinement results indicate the phase distortion in irradiated samples and phase transition from space group R3c to R3m by the As+ ions implantation, which is revealed by Rietveld refinement. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical bonding, valence band and core levels of implanted BFO samples. The ferroelectric behavior of BFO ceramics varies with different implanted ions which might be understood in terms of oxygen vacancy, the displacement of Fe3+ ions, lattice distortion and lattice phase transition. Room temperature M–H hysteresis measurements reveal that magnetization varied due to the structural distortion and partial destruction of a spin cycloid, which is caused by ion implantation in BiFeO3 ceramics. Furthermore, Y+ ions beam of 500 keV energy irradiated on Bi1-xDyxFeO3 xxi (xDBFO) where (x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) at a constant fluence 3×1012 ions/cm2 have been investigated. Study of basic crystal parameters using the X-ray diffraction technique of the irradiated samples suggests that all the materials are polycrystalline and indexed in the distorted-perovskite (rhombohedral) structure which was supplemented and supported by Rietveld refinement.The scanning electron micrograph of the compounds showed (i) the uniform distribution of grains on the sample surface with high density and (ii) reduction in grain size on increasing Dy3+ content and Y+ ions irradiation in BiFeO3 (BFO). Ferroelectric and ferromagnetic loops have been observed in the Y+ implanted xDBFO (x=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) samples at room temperature which indicate that ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ordering coexist in the ceramics at room temperature. The polarization Ps is increased up to 10.50 μC/cm2 by increasing Dy contents at x=0.15. The Ms value is also enhanced up to 2.329 emu/g by 15% doping of Dy in BFO.