سیرت نگاری کی مشرقی و مغربی روایت: منتخب مصنفین کا تقابلی جائزہ

In the past, mode of Sirah writing was historical and descriptive but during the 19th century, this trend has been changed to the empirical research methodology. Due to religious devotion, unauthentic narrations were not judged and had been quoted constantly in Sirah literature on which orientalists laid the foundation of their objections. In response, various books are produced introducing argumentative, logical and scholarly way of writing to defend “Sirah of Prophet (PBUH)”. Question is what are the motives and causes which have changed classical trend of Sirah writing and what are its consequences? In this paper, a comparative analysis will be taken of books of Eastern Muslim scholars; Rehmatullah Keranwi, Syed Ahmad Khan, Karam Shah Alazhari, Shibli Noumani, Sana ullah Amertasri as well as Western Muslim scholars Mohammad Hussain Haykel, Hameed ullah, and Mohammad Asad. This paper will elaborate the difference between both of their research methodology and its effect in the field of Sirah writing and will be helpful for researchers.  

A Study of Relationship Between Organizational Climate And Job Satisfaction of School Teachers at Primary Level

The study aimed at finding out the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among government primary school teachers in District Rawalpindi. The study was based on the following objectives: to find out the factors of organizational climate of primary school teachers, to find out the level of job satisfaction of primary school teachers, to identify the relationship of organizational climate with job satisfaction among primary school teachers, to find out the difference of various demographic variables with respect to qualification, age and experience in organizational climate of primary school teachers, and to determine the difference regarding of various demographic variables such as qualification, age and experience on job satisfaction of primary school teachers. The study was delimited to female govt. primary school teachers of Tehsil Rawalpindi. Population of the study consisted of total 1910 female government primary school teachers working in 160 Government Primary schools located in Tehsil Rawalpindi. Simple random sampling technique was used. Four hundred female govt. primary school teachers were selected randomly as sample of the study. Two questionnaires each for assessing organizational climate and job satisfaction of teachers were modified by the researcher with the help of supervisor. Then these were validated through pilot-testing. The researcher collected the data herself. Collected data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16. Major conclusions of the study were: There was significant positive relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. On the basis of conclusions following recommendations are made: Production emphasis has an important role in the success of any organization so it is recommended that head teachers should focus on production emphasis in their schools as their first and foremost priority. Head teachers and teachers should also focus on intimacy, esprit, consideration and thrust in their schools. Their school climate should be free from aloofness, disengagement and hindrance behavior of head teachers and teachers. Job satisfaction plays a key role in any organization. It is recommended that top management attitude should be positive, appreciative, welcoming and rewarding for teachers. Promotion possibilities and good pay structure should be given priority in order to get better results.