Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important emerging fruit crop of Pakistan with good production potential. Rapid pericarp browning is the main postharvest issue which reduces its cosmetic and market value, limits its extended storage life and causes losses during its transportation and marketing. This integrated research was planned to check the influence of cultivars, harvest locations, exogenous application of chemicals such as oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, hexanal on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi under cold storage conditions. The experiments accordingly followed the experimental designs with factorial arrangements. The fruit were stored for 28 days with 7 days sampling interval to determine fruit weight loss (%), pericarp browning index; whereas, soluble solid concentrations (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC: TA ratio and ascorbic acid were determined from juice samples obtained from pulp tissues. Moreover, total phenolics (TP), total antioxidants, activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes were also determined at 7 days interval during cold storage in both peel as well as pulp tissues of litchi fruit. However, activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme and anthocyanin contents were determined only from peel tissues. The results of first experiment suggested that the cultivars and harvest locations significantly influenced pericarp browning and physico-chemical quality attributes along with the activities of antioxidative enzymes in litchi fruit. Fruit of litchi cultivar ‘Gola’ exhibited superior quality characteristics than ‘Serai’; while, litchi fruit harvested from Haripur location showed better quality than Lahore. Based on the results of the first experiment, litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit produced at Haripur location were selected for rest of the experiments. In second experiment, postharvest application of oxalic acid was tested on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit. Exogenous application of 2 mM oxalic acid delayed pericarp browning, maintained better physico-chemical attributes along with the higher activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and CAT) in litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit during cold storage. Third experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of postharvest application of ascorbic acid on pericarp browning and fruit quality of litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit. Application of 45 mM ascorbic acid improved fruit quality by maintaining better physico-chemical attributes and delayed pericarp browning along with higher activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD and Abstract XX CAT) in litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit during cold storage. In fourth experiment, influence of hexanal fumigation on the storage life and pericarp browning of litchi cv. ‘Gola’ fruit was investigated. Hexanal fumigation could not control browning during cold storage period. Even control fruit showed less pericarp browning than hexanal fumigated fruit. However, among hexanal treatments, 250 μL treatment showed better fruit quality attributes by maintaining higher activities of antioxidative (CAT and SOD) and lower activities of PPO and POD enzymes. From above trials, best concentrations of different chemicals (2 mM oxalic acid, 45 mM ascorbic acid or 2 mM oxalic acid + 45 mM ascorbic acid + 250 μL hexanal) were screened and these were re-confirmed on cv. ‘Gola’ along with another commercial litchi cv. ‘Bedana’. Evidently, 2 mM oxalic acid was more effective in controlling pericarp browning, improving fruit quality and storage life of ‘Gola’ and ‘Bedana’ litchi fruits, as compared to other chemical treatments. Application of 2 mM oxalic acid suppressed the activities of pericarp browning enzymes (PPO and POD) and increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes (CAT and POD). In conclusion, 2 mM oxalic acid or 45 mM ascorbic acid were most effective in delaying pericarp browning and improving quality of litchi fruit (cvs. ‘Gola’ and ‘Bedana’) under cold storage conditions.
اسلام دین کائنات یعنی ازل سے سے اب تک تمام انسانوں کے لئے اللہ تعالی کابنایا ہوا دین ہے اسلام کا مطلب ہے اللہ کی رضا کے سامنے نے سر تسلیم خم کر دینا جو مرد یا عورت رات کو اللہ تعالی کے احکامات کے تابع کر لیتے ہیں وہی مسلمان کہلاتے ہیں ہیں اسلام کوئی نیا دین نہیں ہیں بلکہ روز اول سے موجود ہے جب انسان نے دنیا یا خدا کی زمین پر پہلا قدم رکھا تھا تھا۔
"اللہ تعالی نے جنوں اور انسانوں کو صرف اپنی عبادت کے لیے پیدا فرمایا ہے عربی لفظ عبادہ "عبد" سے نکلا ہے جس کا مطلب ہے اللہ کے احکام کی بجا آوری۔ بہت سے لوگوں میں یہ غلط فہمی پائی جاتی ہے کہ عبادت سے مراد صرف نماز پڑھنا ہے مگر یہ تاثر درست نہیں عبادت کا اعلی ترین عمل ضرور ہے مگر عبادت صرف نماز ہی نہیں بلکہ اعمال کا مجموعہ ہے اللہ تعالی کے تمام احکام کی بجا آوری عبادت ہے اللہ تعالی نے جن چیزوں سے منع فرمایا ہے ان سے اپنے آپ کو روکنا بھی عبادت ہے ہر وہ کام جس کا اللہ نے کرنے کا حکم دیا ہے اس کی ادائیگی بھی عبادت ہے ۔ اسلام جسم اورروح دونوں کی ضروریات کا اہتمام کرتا ہے اس کا کوئی حکم ایسا نہیں ہے جو انسانیت کے خلاف ہو گو بعض لوگ اسلام سے متعلق مکمل معلومات نہ ہونے کے سبب تشکیک کا شکار ہو سکتے ہیں کہ ایسا نہیں ہیں اور یہ کہ اسلام کا حکم درست نہیں ہے اسلام کے تمام احکامات سے متعلق حقائق سامنے لائے جائیں تو یہ بات ثابت ہوجائے گی کہ اسلام کا کوئی ایک حکم بھی انسانیت کے خلاف نہیں ہے اور یہ کہ کہ اسلام کا ہر حکم جسم یا پھر روح کے...
The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.
Reading is an interactive- constructive process in which readers comprehend, interpret, and respond to the text according to what they already know. Effective readers have personal expectations about what they will get from a selection, and they bring those expectations to bear as they read by predicting and testing their predictions. The children actively create meaning by constructing, or generating relationship between what is within the text and what they already know. Some researchers describe reading as a ;transaction, (Rosenblatt 1988) in which meaning emerges from a give and take relationship between the reader and the print on the page. The interaction between the reader and the text allowed reader to construct their own meaning background Knowledge and experience according to there. This research was therefore conducted to identify strategies that were being implemented by the teacher to develop reading comprehension in students. And how, the teachers could be facilitated to improve their teaching strategies to enhance students reading comprehension skills. This study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 dealt with implementing strategies that could develop comprehension skills through stories in an ESL classroom. Story helps to develop language in the classroom, as Meek (1988) points out, ;Stories encourage them to take on new meaning regularly in a context of shared enjoyment. They learn about language and the different ways it is used. (P.37) They learn new language of stories, which is different from everyday spoken language. Gradually children take possession of the language of books and they begin to learn vital lessons about the reading process Phase II was an exploration of how to facilitate the teacher in her professional development. For enhancing her knowledge about implementing effective strategies like predicting, questioning, silent reading and group work, to develop children reading comprehension. The findings revealed the teachers understanding and her changes in her perception throughout the course of the study. And how this study helped her to professionally develop her style of teaching in order to get the desired children's reading comprehension. The findings also revealed that as a result of teacher development and reflection on practice, the teacher could change her conception and her approaches to the teaching of reading comprehension skills.