Due to increased world population, different approaches have been used worldwide to improve the yield potential of crops in order to fulfill their food requirements. Transgenic crops are one of them which have high yield potential with comparative less input cost due to less reliance on pesticides. This technology has gained tremendous attention without exploring their after effects. Bt-toxins may accumulate and persist in soil due to their binding ability on soil components. In order to find out the potential impacts of Bt cotton residues on substrate use efficiency, activity and diversity of soil microbial community and influence on nutrient dynamics, the present studies were planned at different agro-ecological zones of Punjab (Multan, Bahawalpur and Lodhran). In field survey study, soil sampling from Bt and non-Bt cotton rhizosphere revealed more bacterial population, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in Bt-rhizosphere comparative to non-Bt. Regarding nutrient dynamics, percent nitrogen, extractable phosphorous, extractable potassium, NO3-N, Fe and Zn except bulk density were also observed high in Bt-cotton rhizosphere. To verify the results of overhead survey study, field experiments were conducted at four different locations (CCRI-Multan, Naseer pur, Kot Lal Shah and CRS-BWP) in Punjab. Field studies reported that Bt cotton had no adverse effect on microbial population and enzymatic activity in soil. Bacterial population observed more in Bt-cotton rhizosphere and maximum population was observed in CIM-602 (Bt-variety) at all locations while phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities were high in Bt-varieties over non-Bt varieties. The gas exchange characteristics as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were maximum as well in Bt-cotton varieties contrast to non-Bt. The maximum increase in CEC, nitrogen, extractable phosphorous, extractable potassium, active C, Fe and Zn concentrations were exhibited in Bt-genotypes of CIM-602 and CIM-599 rhizosphere, while slight improvement in percent organic matter was depicted by these varieties. The maximum biomass production, yield and yield contributing traits, fibre strength, length, GOT and lint percentage were also maximum by Bt-varieties of CIM-602 and CIM-599. There was a negative correlation of GOT with fibre fineness (micronaire value), while all varieties (Bt and non-Bt) showed significant results to fulfil the criteria of fibre fineness. Significant improvement in oil contents, free fatty acids, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, iodine, saponification and acid values except oil pH was observed in Bt-cotton. While carbohydrate and crude protein percentages were higher in non-Bt genotypes of CIM-591 and CIM-573. In conclusion, Bt-cotton had no any negative effect on soil ecology and cottonseed oil quality. So, Bt-cotton could be grown to produce more fibre and oil to fulfil and support the country’s economy.
اقبال کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ کلام جو فارسی زبان میں منظر عام پر آیا۔ 1915ء میں لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے مختصر تعارف میں لکھا ہے کہ اسرار خودی کا پورا کلام مثنوی کی صورت میں ہے۔ اسرار خودی کی وجہ سے اقبال مفکر شاعر کے طور پر تسلیم کیے گئے خودی اقبال کی شخصیت کا جزو اور شناخت بن گئی۔ اقبال کے فلسفہ خودی میں انسانوں کی بقا کا راز مضمرہے۔ اور قوموں کی آبرومندی کا نسخہ شفا بھی خودی میں پوشیدہ ہے۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے خودی کے تین مراحل اطاعت ، ضبط نفس اور نیابت الٰہی کا ذکر بھی کیا ہے ۔ تمہید کے بعد دیگر ذیلی عنوانات بھی نظم کا حصہ ہیں۔اس مثنوی کا آغاز اقبال نے 1911ء میں کر دیا تھا۔ عطیہ بیگم کے نام ایک خط میں لکھتے ہیں : ”قبلہ والد صاحب نے فرمائش کی ہے کہ حضرت بو علی قلندر کے طرز پر ایک فارسی مثنوی لکھوں ۔ اسی راہ کی مشکلات کے باوجود میں نے کام شروع کر دیا ہے “ (13) اقبال نے کچھ اشعار بھی لکھ کر عطیہ فیضی کو بھجوائے ۔ وہ اشعار اسرار خودی میں شامل ہیں ۔ صرف یہ خط ہی اسرار خودی کی اشاعت کا باعث نہیں بلکہ اور بھی بہت سے محرکات ایسے ہوں گے جو مفکر شاعر کو اس بات پر مجبور کرتے ہوں گے کہ غلام اور غافل قوم کی بیداری کےلیے کوئی نسخہ شفاء پیش کیا جائے ۔ ڈاکٹر رفیع الدین ہاشمی لکھتے ہیں: ”محض اتنی سی بات مثنوی کا محرک نہ تھی ۔ سہ سالہ قیام یورپ، سلطنت عثمانیہ کا بکھرتا ہوا شیرازہ ، ملت اسلامیہ کا عمومی زوال و انحطاط اور ان سب کے نتیجے میں وہ ذہنی کرب و اضطراب ، جو کسی حد تک "شکوہ" اور " شمع و...
It goes without saying that peace has been a hot issue in the past; it is, still, a vital topic of discussion today, and it seems to continue to draw the attention of people in the future. We witness wars and destructions in several parts of the world. This has led to killings of millions of people, left innumerable number of families broken and displaced millions of people. We need to address it earnestly. The author of this dissertation has specified this topic with reference to the Holy Qur’ān, because being the book of Allāh Almighty, it means to us as the final constitution, the ultimate torchlight for our guidance, and a great blessing to the whole world. Peace means to be free from the calamities in this world and in the hereafter. Usually, peace is used to imply an opposition to war and violence between the nations. Peace is a virtue and it means absence of evil, and, therefore, it is always praiseworthy. The author of this paper deals with this topic by dividing it into six sections. These are, ‘The Peace’ as one of the divine names of Allāh Almighty; Peace equals good; Peace is praiseworthy; Peace in the sense of conciliation and security; Peace in the sense of customary Islamic salutation; and Refutation of the objection that Islām was spread by sword.
Pakistani Society has a rigid, male dominated social structure and is divided into rural, urban and suburban areas. In Pakistan gender discrimination is visible in all fields of life. The struggle of women for their rights got a new shape of emergence during the feminist movements in the beginning of 20th century. Then the movement changed into struggle of women empowerment and it took new pace. The word ‘empowerment of women’ has different meanings for different people and its importance varies subject to the social, cultural, political, ideological and geographic scenario with respect to geological areas. Women’s rights were exploited and violated in Pakistan and women in the society raised their voices for change in their lives. In Pakistani patriarchal society, women are restricted in mobility, their participation in paid jobs is limited, and their economic independence is suffering. In a joint family system in Pakistan, women are also not enjoying the same status as that of men and they are considered an entity of second priority. So, there is a need of empowerment of women for elevation of their status in the society and in the family. Due to its importance the empowerment of women is one of the most debatable issues in Pakistan. Pakistan claims a democratic Islamic state. In social sector, especially in education and health, there is gender gap and women in Pakistan are not getting proper share according to their population. Education is an important factor in the empowerment of women but in Pakistan large majority of women is not getting proper education due to the ignorance. Constructed social norms in the society are also big causes of the deprivation of women about their basic rights. In the political field, share of women is low that means the women have limited authority in the process of decision making. Legal system of Pakistan and available land laws are also not sufficient to protect the women’s rights and implementations of these laws are not done judicially. Under these laws and structured norms of the society, women are trying to get space in the available and constructed social structure. All these conditions in Pakistan and deprivation of women in their rights were source of inspiration of this study. Objective of the present study was to find out the possibilities and opportunities for the empowerment of women in Pakistani Society. A survey from all over Pakistan including all provinces and Gilgit Baltistan was conducted. 600 people were included as sample of the study. Objective of the survey was to find the social, political and economical empowerment of women during the era 1988-2000. The instruments of the study comprised a Likert type questionnaire, and documentary analyses of the data of national elections held in 1988, 1990, 1993, and 1997. From data analysis, it was found that during this era women were deprived from their basic rights and they did not have proper position in the society. There was no sex difference in the opinion and both male and female members of the society observed that the level of women empowerment was at low point. In the four general elections held in Pakistan during the period under study women also participated on general seats. Analysis of the study revealed that participation of women in political process was low and was not in accordance with their population. Even the reserved seats for women were abolished during the said period.