Bio-preservation is the use of natural antimicrobial compounds from medicinal plants, herbs and spices and bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The plants and spices produce various metabolites having antimicrobial activities against food spoilage and pathogenic micro-organisms. Some microorganisms including bacteria and fungi also produce several metabolites with antimicrobial potentials. The present study was aimed to characterize the extracts from selected plants and spices and bacteriocins from LAB as food preservatives through in-vitro activities, chemical profiling and food applications. The medicinal plants/spices (tejpal, green tea, thyme, cinnamon, nutmeg and black pepper) and LAB (Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris) were selected. Plants and spices were extracted and tested for antimicrobial, thrombolytic and antioxidant activities, biofilm and DNA damage inhibition, hemolytic and Ames assays. The ethanolic extracts of green tea and thyme were selected on basis of optimal levels of activities and characterized through spectroscopy for chemical profiling. The LAB were propagated and tested for their antimicrobial activity. The green tea and thyme extracts and bacteriocin producing LAB were added individually and in combinations in cheese and bread manufacturing to evaluate their role as food preservatives. The antibacterial potential of extracts showed the significant extent of the activity against B. subtilis and E. coli. The antifungal activity exhibited the highest antifungal activity by C. sinensis against A. niger and A. flavus. Antioxidant potential exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid content in C. sinensis and C. verum. The radical scavenging DPPH assay also showed the significant antioxidant capacity of selected plants. The cytotoxic evaluation through hemolytic assay and DNA damage protection showed no toxicity in any plant extract. The characterization through chromatography and spectroscopy confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids and alakloids. The antibacterial assay performed to assess bacteriocins activity of selected LAB revealed their strong bacteriocins activity. The food application concluded that bacteriocins producing LAB alone or in combination with selected plant extracts can efficiently be added in cheese and bread as preservatives. It was concluded that the green tea and thyme as well as bacteriocins producing LAB has potential to act as food preservatives. They can provide remarkable preservation prospects, if added in combinations.
سید عبدالحکیم دیسنوی سیدی صاحب کے متعلقین میں دوسرا حادثہ عبدالحکیم صاحب دیسنوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ رشتہ میں سید صاحبؒ کے چچا ہوتے تھے، مگر دونوں میں حقیقی چچا بھتیجے جیسے تعلقات تھے، دونوں ایک دوسرے کو بہت مانتے تھے، مرحوم سید صاحبؒ کی ہر ترقی اور ہر اعزاز پر بے انتہا مسرور ہوتے تھے، سید صاحبؒ بھی اپنے تمام نجی حالات اور علمی و قومی مشاغل کی اطلاع برابر ان کو دیتے رہتے تھے۔ اس لیے سید صاحبؒ کے مکاتیب کا سب سے بڑا ذخیرہ ان ہی کے پاس تھا۔ دونوں میں ۱۹۰۴-۵ء سے لے کر سید صاحبؒ کی وفات ۱۹۵۴ء یعنی تقریباً نصف صدی تک خط و کتابت رہی، یہ سارے خطوط سید عبدالحکیم صاحب نے محفوط رکھے اور سید صاحب کی وفات کے بعد دارالمصنفین کے حوالہ کردیئے جو اس کا بڑا قیمتی سرمایہ ہیں۔ سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی تعلیم بہت معمولی تھی، لیکن ذوق علمی رکھتے تھے اور کتابوں کے مطالعہ سے انھوں نے اچھی خاصی استعداد بہم پہنچائی تھی، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ دیسنہ کا اردو کتب خانہ ہے، یہ کتب خانہ اس لحاظ سے ہندوستان میں بے مثل ہے کہ اس میں اردو کی اکثر مطبوعہ کتابیں اور پرانے اخبارات و رسائل کے مکمل فائل موجود ہیں جو دوسرے کتب خانوں میں مشکل سے مل سکتے ہیں، یہ کتب خانہ زیادہ تر سید عبدالحکیم صاحب کی کوشش کا نتیجہ ہے۔ انھوں نے اس کو اپنی زندگی کا مقصد بنالیا تھا، اردو کے شائقین اور اس کے ریسرچ اسکالر دور دور سے اس کو دیکھنے اور اس سے فائدہ اٹھانے کے لیے جاتے ہیں۔ سید صاحبؒ سے تعلق کی بناء پر مرحوم کو دارالمصنفین سے بڑا گہرا تعلق تھا، اگرچہ وہ اس کے کوئی عہدہ دار یا رکن نہ تھے لیکن اس کی ہواخواہی میں سب سے...
Background and Aim: Headache is a very common condition worldwide. Cervicogenic headache is a secondary type of headache. Dentistry requires both, the concentration and precision and dentists have to work in constricted zones for extended period of time so it is important to evaluate headache among dental population. The objective of this study was to screen Cervicogenic headache among dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore.
Methodology: The Descriptive Cross-sectional study, of 6 months duration, was conducted on 125 dentists. The data was collected from Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Non-Probability convenience sampling technique was used. Dentists working for at least 2 years and more than 5 hours daily, with the known cases of headache were included and those who were diagnosed with any other condition that cause headache like acute sinusitis, High blood pressure etc. were excluded. Data was collected by using cervical Flexion Rotation test whose validity is 0.81. Data was entered by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and the same software was used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed that, out of 125 dentists, 36.8% (n=46) were male and 63.2% (n=79) were female and cervical flexion rotation test was positive in 30.4% (n=38) dentists.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cervicogenic headache is present in 30.4% dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College.
This study aimed at exploring teachers' perceptions of the actual and preferred leadership approaches of their principals in government and private schools in Karachi' Pakistan. The second aim was to compare whether teachers in government schools perceive leadership approaches (Actual and Preferred) of principals differently from teachers in Private schools or not. A survey tool Principal Leadership Approach Questionnaire (PLAQ) - developed by Pashiardis (1998), was adapted for this study. Questionnaires were sent to 450 teachers, randomly selected from government and private schools of three towns of Karachi. This sample teachers were asked to rate actual (PLAQ-A) and preferred (PLAQ-P) leadership approaches. Of 450 teachers, 333 completed the survey, providing a return rate of 74%. The results showed that the teachers perceived existing leadership approaches of principals as less democratic and less instructional than what they aspire for. The patterns remained consistent across systems of schools. However, the existing leadership approaches are perceived as more democratic in private schools than in their government counterparts. Further analysis revealed that teachers regardless of systems of schools perceived their principals as more efficient in the area of administration and fiscal management'. The government teachers wanted their headteachers to improve their leadership practices in the area of personnel management' and school leadership and management'. The private teachers wanted their principals to play a more active role in professional development in-service' and relations with parents and the community.' The study provides insight into an under-research area of teachers' perception about leadership approaches of principal in a developing country by using PLAQ, a questionnaire adapted for Pakistan as part of the current research. The results might prove useful to further the understanding of leadership and management practices in the context of the professional development of principals. The study also provides a foundation for further research and adds a measurement tool to the leadership and management literature.