Home > Potential of Neoseiulus Barkeri Acari: Phytoseiidae in Integration With Synthetic and Plant Origin Pesticides Against Bemisia Tabaci Aleyrodidae Homoptera and Tetranychus Urticae Acari: Tetranychidae
Potential of Neoseiulus Barkeri Acari: Phytoseiidae in Integration With Synthetic and Plant Origin Pesticides Against Bemisia Tabaci Aleyrodidae Homoptera and Tetranychus Urticae Acari: Tetranychidae
Insects and mite pests are considered as major constraints for getting higher crop yields per unit area. Demands of toxic free food and safer ecosystem compelled the scientists to use Phytoseiids for the control of these sucking pests. The present study was therefore, carried out to determine the potential of local strain Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Predatory potential revealed that it fed efficiently on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and preferred to feed on immature and eggs while the adults were less likely preferred. It was less efficient feeder of white fly, Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) and exhibited poor life table parameters. It was confirmed that it fed on immatures of white fly than eggs. Different crop pollens and artificial diets were tested and confirmed that cotton pollen was unsuitable for it, because its life cycle was not completed on this pollen. Rose, caster bean and maize pollens were superior diets showed higher growth/longevity, fecundity and values of life table parameters and pepper, alfalfa, citrus, sarsoon and tomato pollens were moderately better while sunflower pollen was poor diet. Artificial diet comprising of 20% (w/w) pupal hemolymph of silkworm was superior while other diet were inferior. For screening safer pesticides bioassay at different dose rates declared that dimethoate was highly hazardous while thiacloprid, chlorfenapyr were moderately harmful, acetamiprid, diafenthiuron, spirotetramate, hexithiazox were slightly harmful and pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, imidacloprid were harmless. Glycine max and Azadirachta indica seed oils were less toxic due to minimum mortality and higher antioxidant activities at minimum tested dose rates while eucalyptus oil was highly toxic. Biofilm inhibition of tested oils indicated low value against Gram negative E. coli and high for Gram positive Bacillus subtilus bacteria. Results advocate opportunity of declaring compatible plant origin pesticides for N. barkeri along with antioxidant properties and safer for humans and non-target organisms. N. barkeri can be used as promising biocontrol agent of T. urticae while comparatively less effective predator of B. tabaci. It can be reared on selective pollens and artificial diets and can be used in integration with safer chemical and plant origin pesticides in IPM module. It is base line study first time done in Pakistan which will be helpful for upcoming researchers. However, further investigations under semi field and field conditions may reveal more comprehensive results.
أمطري، لا ترحمي طیفي في عمقِ الظلام أمطري، صبّي علیّ السیل، یا روح الغمام لا تُبالي([2]) أن تعیدیني علی الأرض حطام وأحیلیني([3]) ، إذا شئت، جلیداً أو رُخام
أترکي ریح المساء الممطر الداجي([4]) تجنّ ودعي الأطیار، تحت المطر القاسي، تئنّ أغرقي الأشجار بالماءِ ولا یحزنکِ غصن زمجري([5])، دويّ([6])، فلن أشکو، لن یأتیک لحن
أمطري فوقي، کماشئت، علی وجھي الحزین لا تبالي جسدي الراعش، في کفّ الدجون([7]) أمطري، سیلي علی وجھي، أو غشيّ عیوني بلّلي ما شئت کفيّ وشعري وجبیني
أغرقي، في ظلمۃ اللیل، القبور البالیہ([8]) وألطمي، ما شئتِ أبواب القُصور العالیہ أمطري، في الجبل الناءي([9])، وفوق الھاویۃ([10]) أطفءي النیران، لا تُبقي لحيّ باقیہ
آہ ما أرھبکِ الآن، وقد ساد السکون غیر صوتِ الرّیح، في الأعماق([11]) تدوي في جنون لم تزل تھمي([12])، من الأمطار، في الأرض، عیون لم یَزٖل، قلبي حزیناً، تحت أمواج الدُجون
أیّھا الأمطارُ، قد ناداکِ قلبي البشريُّ ذلک المفرق في الأشواق، ذاک الشاعريّ إغسلیہ، أم تری الحزنُ حماہ([13]) الأبديّ أبداً ، مثلک یا أمطارُ، دفاقٌ نقيُّ
أبداً یسمعُ، تحت اللیل، وقعَ القطرات ساھماً یحلم بالماضي وألغاز الممات یسأل الأمطار: ما أنتِ؟ وما سرّ الحیاۃ؟ وأنا، فیم وجودي؟ فیم دمعي وشکاتي([14])؟
Embryology is such an academic discipline which was based upon the Qura’nic revelation purely and its details were provided by The Holy Prophet (SAW) whereas the scientists remained totally unaware of its intricate details until twentieth century. It was the time when they discovered various stages of the creation and development of fetus inside the mother’s womb and after examination of all these stages through various scientific instruments they openly admitted that Qura’nic verses about fetal development are absolutely accurate. Their acknowledgement is a strong evidence of the authenticity and veracity of The Holy Qura’n for scientific minded people. Not only this but these embryologists also admitted that the information provided in the Holy Qura’n and the A╒adith of The Holy Prophet (SAW) helped them a great deal in formulating the basic hypotheses of their research. So, these scientific discoveries are clear proofs of the miraculous character of Holy Qura’n. The current article is an effort to elaborate the link of modern embryology with the details given in the sacred literature of Islam.
The significant objectives of this study were; to examine and calculate the total and average costs of each selected item, to calculate student’s opportunity costs, to analyse student’s satisfaction with programme, to analyse the cost effective measures taken by academicians for each of three programmes and to assess eleven years admissions and completion and to analyse main objectives of programmes. It was descriptive study based on analysis and comparison of B.Ed programme at Bangladesh Open University (BOU), B.Ed at Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Pakistan, and degree level/SI teacher training programme at University Terbuka (UT) Indonesia. It used a simple non-linear input and output design of “economic approach” of cost effectiveness analysis. The instruments that were developed to collect data about costs and other relevant features of programme were questionnaires. There were two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was administered to the management of programme. The elements in first questionnaire were; 1-Enrolment, 2-completion, 3-costs of examinations, 4- costs of radio and television transmissions, 5-course presentation costs (tutorial and workshop), 6- costs of printed material, 7-departmental/ establishment costs, 8- cost of building meant for this programme in the main campus of university, 9- objectives of programme and analyses about achievement of objectives, 10-benrolment and completion since 1992 to 2002. viiiThe selected output variables for cost-effectiveness analysis were; (a) Completion rate (b) Student’s satisfaction with programme. (C) The most important objectives of each selected programme were analyzed separately. Independent variables for data analysis were university, gender, age, qualification at the time of admission, profession and who paid the opportunity cost of students. The dependent variables for data analysis were student’s satisfaction with programme and student’s opportunity cost. The purpose to add some queries about the preliminary information was to obtain some of background knowledge about programme. Unit cost per pupil was the criteria for cost effectiveness analysis. The cost function applied for data analysis was; Unit cost = Fixed cost + Variable costs / N The results showed that enrolment was the highest at AIOU during 11 years. The highest average costs of examination were; 93.36 (UT), costs of course presentation were 93.46 (UT), costs of printed material were 98.97 (BOU), and departmental costs were 78.76 (BOU). Radio and television department produced programmes for students of BOU. Average cost of broadcast media was .851 at UT. As far as unit cost per student is concerned it was the lowest at AIOU. The mean scores of total opportunity costs were 411 for UT, 227 for BOU and 458 for AIOU. Student’s satisfaction with programme was highest at UT and lowest at BOU. The result showed that unit cost was lowest at AIOU and programme was the most cost effective due to economy of scale. Income from fee of each programme and item wise costs should be maintained in documents so that the assessment and comparison of programme may be feasible for management and researchers. The cost of examination is high at UT as compared to the other two universities. It is better to work out to lower down the cost of examination at UT. Costs of broadcast media at AIOU are in the margin. AIOU may spend on transmissions for all students of B. Ed. The costs of print and Department at UT are the lowest. AIOU and BOU can benchmark for lower down costs of print and department.