Storage of food stuff and cereals has been a global issue from years due to fungal infection and development of mycotoxins; the most dangerous are aflatoxins, which not only deteriorate the food quality but have carcinogenic potential for mammals. In view of nutritive value and potential of plants as safer and viable source of antifungal agents, the present research work has been designed to evaluate the antifungal activities of various agricultural wastes and some medicinal plants against the aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergilus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, so as to reduce the aflatoxin production in cereal grains durin storage. The antifungal components of plants were extracted using solvents like methanol, ethanol, chloroform and acetone. Antifungal activity determined by Disc Diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) showed that ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels exhibited highest antifungal effect against both tested fungi with maximum zone of inhibition 38 mm for A. paracitus and 37 mm for A. flavus, however, the least effect was observed by ethanolic extract of sugarcane baggasse with minimum DIZ value of 10 mm against both fungi. Crude extracts having good antifungal activity were analyzed for antifungal constituents (phenolic acids) by GC-MS. Total of 8 phenolic acids like gallic acid, cinamic acid, benzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocacheuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and para-coumaric acid were identified on the basis of availability of standard chemicals and spectral data. Significant variation (P<0.05) was found among concentration of phenolic acids detected in different tested plant extracts. The cereal grains (wheat, maize and rice) inoculated with A. flavus and A. parasiticus were stabilized with 5 plant materials at three different concentrations (5, 10, and 20%) and stored at two different conditions of temperature and moisture (25 o C temperature and 18% moisture and 30 o C temperature and 21% moisture) for a period up to 9 months. After regular interval of time, qualitative analysis by TLC and quantitative estimation by HPLC was performed. Among the investigated plants pomegranate peels and neem leaves (20 %) were found to be most effective and they fully inhibit aflatoxin B 1 synthesis (100%) by both tested fungi at all cereals (maize and rice and wheat) and B 2, G 1 and G 2 synthesis at 25 o C temperature and 18% moisture level. Whereas, at high temperature and moisture level (30 o C and 21%) neem leaves and pomegranate peels fully inhibited aflatoxin B 1 synthesis by both tested fungi in wheat and maize but did not show complete inhibition of aflatoxin B 1 synthesis in rice. Generally the order of inhibitory potential of investigated plants at 20 %concentration against aflatoxins synthesis by both tested fungi was as neem leaves > pomegranate peels > citrus leaves > citrus peels > kikar leaves. Finally statistical analysis was applied on triplicate optimized samples using mean, standard error, and analysis of variance ANOVA. Significant differences of mean were calculated using Least Square Difference (LSD) test. Overall results of the current study showed that neem leaves and pomegranate peels can be used directly or to develop agents to control the production of aflatoxin in cereals effectively in controlled moisture and temperature conditions.
الحاج منظور علی لکھنوی مرحوم دارالمصنفین میں الحاج منظور علی لکھنوی کی رحلت کی خبر بڑے افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی، ۲۸؍ رمضان المبارک کو وہ اپنے خالق حقیقی کے جوار رحمت میں پہنچ گئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ زندگی میں پاکیزہ اطوار رہے، آخری وقت بھی اس پاکیزگی کی شہادت کے لیے قدرت نے مقرر کردیا، وہ سیاسی رہنما تھے اور نہ عالم و فاضل لیکن ان کی زندگی قطرے سے گہر ہونے کی کہانی ہے، کلکتہ کے ہوٹل بزنس سے تعلق تھا، ان کا رائل انڈین ہوٹل کلکتہ کے مشہور ترین ہوٹلوں میں ہے، تمول کی آغوش میں آنکھیں کھولیں، عام امیر زادوں کا رنگ ڈھنگ ہونا قدرتی تھا، ایک وقت تھا کہ قیمتی پتھروں اور بیش قیمت خوشبوؤں کو جمع کرنے کا شوق تھا لیکن فطرت کی سلامتی اور سرشت کی پاک طینتی نے ایک دن ان کی زندگی کا رخ بدل دیا، ثروت کو اﷲ کی دی ہوئی نعمت سمجھنے اور برتنے کی توفیق، باندازۂ ہمت ملی اور زندگی قابل رشک ہوگئی، دارالعلوم ندوۃالعلما کی مجلس انتظامیہ، مسلم پرسنل لابورڈ، ملی کونسل، امارت شرعیہ جیسے باوقار اداروں کی رکنیت اور سب سے بڑھ کر حجاج کرام کی پیہم خدمت نے ان کو اپنے طبقہ میں امتیاز کا شرف بخشا اور اس سے زیادہ کلکتہ میں ان کی وہ رفاہی خدمات ہیں جن کا علم بہ جزاﷲ اور ان کے انتہائی قریبی لوگوں کے اور کسی کو نہیں معلوم، کمال کے شخص تھے مولانا عبدالماجد دریا بادی کو کبھی نہیں دیکھا لیکن ان کی تحریروں کے ایسے شیدائی ہوئے کہ ان کی کتابوں کی خوبصورت ترین اور نہایت دیدہ زیب طباعت و اشاعت کے لیے بغیر کسی تاجرانہ فائدے کے، اپنے مال کا بے دریغ استعمال کیا، ادارہ انشائے ماجداسی نیت سے قائم کیا جس نے خطبات ماجد سے مکتوبات ماجدی تک مولانا...
Islam is a religion of peace and forgiveness. Islam calls for peaceful and prosperous life. It emphasis on establishment of heavenly society that as free from bios hate, jealousy, injustice, Rather it would be appropriate to say that Islam has basically been descended to make end to all hint of barbarism aggression, atrocities and to establish a social system which do not justify cruelty in war. Today, the humanity is suffering sadly. There is no place in the world to provide it with shelter against troubles, hardship, however, he can get rid of these problems by following. The teaching of Islam, how can a nation whose manifesto is based on peace and love, can destroy the peace of others dissatisfaction and unrest. Both are dements which are persons for this existence and prosperity of society.
Saussurea lappa is an endangered medicinal plant was selected for in vitro biochemical assarys. Seeds and apical shoot explants were surface sterilized using different standard protocols. The explants were placed on semi solid MS media (1 mgL-1 2-4 D and 0.5 mgL-1 Kn) for callus induction. The three different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) were used separately for surface sterilization for 8 minutes. The 0.2% concentration of HgCl2 showed best sterilization (96%). While, 0.1% used for 1 minute was found best in case of seedling apical shoot sterilization. The apical shoot explants showed better results for multiple shoot proliferation on MS medium containing 1.0 mgL-1 benzyle amino purine (BAP) and showed best results with maximum number of shoots, roots, length of shoot and root per explants. At same concentration the explants produced 90% shoots and produced 93.66% roots. About 80% plants were survived after hardening.Calli were induced from explants (root, shoot and leaf) of micropropagated plant and 3 days old sterilized seedling. It was found that seedling and root explants were more efficient compared to other explants. The highest RGR of callus was noted in seedling explants followed by root explants. The seedling derived callus RGR, relative water content (RWC) and dry weight were measured for three weeks and found that with increase of time duration a little decrease occurred in RGR. The overall results showed that 2 weeks old callus was the best to use. The highest level of proline and total soluble sugar accumulation was observed in the root callus. However, calli and root showed higher concentration of Na and K ions. Non-significant differences were observed in calcium content of all tested samples. Whereas, the content of Mg was found high in roots, petiole and lamina compared to calli. For HPLC analysis, shoot derived callus, seven days old and fifteen days old of root calli were harvested. The ethanolic extracts of calli, cultivated and wild plant roots, petiole and lamina were analysed for costunolide content using high performance liquid chromatography. Costunolide was identified at retention time 14.8 minutes in root derived calli and natural roots, not in calli derived from shoot and cultivated plant lamina and petiole. Wild root collected from Kashmir hills (root c) produced high quantity 1.257 µgmL1 of costunolide followed by fifteen days old (callus b) callus 1.119 µgmL-1 and seven days old callus 1.118 µgmL-1 (callus c) while the quantity from cultivated root (root b, root a) was 1.105 µgmL-1, 1.102 µgmL-1 from Koza gali, Abbottabad and Peshawar respectively.