Investigations into production potential of maize (Zea maize L. cv. Pioneer 30-Y- 87) as affected by intercropping, planting geometry, population dynamics and fertilizer management was carried out at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, in two field experiments during Kharif 2006 and 2007. Both experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design with split arrangements. First experiment consisted of three nitrogen levels (150, 200 and 250 kg ha -1 ), two zinc levels (0 and 15 kg ha -1 ) and three population densities (57100, 71400, and 999000 plants ha -1 ). Fertilizers were kept in main plots and plant densities in sub-plots. Second experiment comprised of three intercropping systems i.e. maize alone, maize + mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) and maize + mashbean (Vigna mungo L.) and three planting geometries (70 cm apart single row planting, 105/35 cm apart paired row planting, and 140/35 cm apart three row planting, respectively), keeping planting geometries in main plots while intercropping systems in sub-plots. Sowing was done with the help of a dibbler to ensure desired plant population. The results of the experiments are briefly described as under. In the first experiment, growth and development of maize crop was maximum with increase in nitrogen from 150 to 250 kg ha + 15 kg Zn ha -1 and consequently, yield (24 %) and yield components increased. LAI, LAD, and CGR increased with increasing plant populations. Although, yield components decreased with elevated plant densities yet grain yield increased due to more number of plants per unit area. In the second experiment, maize crop sown in double row strips proved superior to other planting geometries in terms of yield and yield components. Although intercropping of legumes in maize reduced growth and development, yield components and finally the grain yield of maize, however additional benefits obtained from intercrops compensated more than the losses in maize production. The effect of planting geometries and intercropping systems was non-significant on grain quality of maize.
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"سلیبس مکمل جو کروا سکیں ایسی نایاب رنگیں مشینیں
کہاں بِک رہی ہیں؟
وہ رنگیں مشینیں
جو ذہنوں میں کھِلتے گلستاں کو بے رنگ کر دیں
جو "بستوں" میں ویرانی بھر دیں
جو خوابوں پہ ہر امتحاں کا نتیجہ بکھریں
تھکاوٹ انڈیلیں
مشینیں کہ جن سے
لبوں پر سرکتے سوالوں کو باندھیں
قلم سے ہمکتے خیالوں کو باندھیں
سحر کی جبیں سے چھلکتے اجالوں کو باندھیں
مشینیں کہ جن سے
اڑانیں کُترنے میں آسانیاں ہوں
نگاہیں کچلنے میں آسانیاں ہوں
تجسس نگلنے میں آسانیاں ہوں
کہاں ہیں؟
مشینیں !
جو آنکھوں کےپیڑوں یہ دولت کے آرے چلائیں
سرابوں، عذابوں کی "بٹ بٹ" سے کانوں کے جنگل جلائیں
جو گوندھیں کئی جگنوؤں کو ، کئی سورجوں کو
تمدن کے ملبے سے ڈھونڈیں خزائیں
دھڑکتے ہوئے عکس سارے بجھائیں
بصارت پہ دستک نہ کوئی اگائیں
"کلاسوں" میں قبریں سجائیں
جو یونانی مٹی سے تیار ہر ایک پیکر کو روندیں
کھلونے بنائیں
جو سُقراطی پنچھی بہت چہچہاتے ہیں ان کی
ہواؤں سے چہکار ساری مٹائیں
ابھرتی ہوئی جنبشوں پر غضب آندھیوں کا گرائیں
مشینیں !
جو بس نوکری کی مشینیں بنائیں
کہاں ہیں؟
This study aims to determine the health and sanitary status of the Mamanwa indigenous people in selected areas in CARAGA Region. The respondents were the Mamanwa people who are residents of Cantugas, Mainit, Surigao del Norte community, and Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte community. The study used descriptive research design utilizing questionnaire and personal interview in gathering the data. The total population of the respondents is 69 and respondents from both communities were selected based on simple random design. The study used percentage and mode/majority criterion, weighted mean, and Kendal-tau correlation. The findings showed that in the extent of health and sanitation education which was divided into three factors: Factor 1 which is the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices shows a mean rating described as always except for item 9. Factor 2 was about exposure to health and sanitation campaign and education show a mean rating of sometimes. Factor 3 is about awareness on health and sanitation show a mean rating of sometimes. On the economic status of Mamanwa people which was the (factor 1) economic status of Mamanwa parents, 75.4% of the Mamanwa parents send their children to school and 64.9% of Mamanwa parents’ allocated budget for clothing and other personal necessities. On social status of the location (factor 2), only 35.1% of the respondents said that they have proper waste disposal and segregation. The results showed that Mamanwa children regardless of sex and age were undernourished and there is a significant relationship between the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices with hygiene on health care where it had an R-value of 0.47 and 0.35 respectively. Lastly, only economic factor on the social status of the location had a significant relationship on the health status of Mamanwa children in terms of BMI which had an R-value -0.20 and p-value 0.049.
This study examines union commitment as an outcome of negative workplace events. An integrated framework consisting cronyism as an event at workplace was developed using theoretical underpinning of AET. AET describes how events happening at workplace can elicit a ect. The basic postulation of AET lies in characteristics of the work environment which contributes in the occurrence of the event. For that purpose the unique context of public sector organizations in Pakistan was used to study the dynamics of union commitment. The model explains the linkage between internal in uences and reactions to incidents. The internal in uences are the cognitions and emotions involved. The purpose of study was to understand the psychological mechanism of union commitment through discrete cycle of event and emotions. It explores the causes that a ect the formation of union among employees. The data were collected from employees working in public sector organizations throughout Pakistan. These organizations have recognized active employee unions. Data were collected in 6 time lags. Thenal analyses show results of 415 respondents. Results indicate that existence of cronyism triggers employees interest in unionization. The moderating role of narcissism between organizational cronyism and hatred could not be established. Hatred also proved to be a predictor of breach of psychological contract. The role of breach of psychological contract as mediator between hatred and pro-union commitment was also established. Moreover, contrary to the belief union commitment did not prove to be a predictor of union participation. This study developed a deeper understanding of union commitment in relation to discrete negative emotions. It has given an insight into how political intolerance in the form of cronyism in a unionized context of public sector organizations can lead to formation of attitudes and behaviors.The multiple manifestation of cronyistic relationships can alert managers and employees equally, managers should be discouraged to minimize on such foundations.Over all, the development and testing of incorporation of AET into the union commitment framework helped to explain how, and under what circumstances, employees cognitions about cronyism may lead to union commitment through the emotional reaction of negative a ectivity.