A low-cost experimental setup for electrochemical anodization and electropolishing of metals was designed, which is capable to control experimental variables, like voltage, time, temperature, and stirring rate. The nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide and titanium oxide films were prepared on commercially purealuminium (99.593 wt.%) and titanium (99.618 wt.%) substrates by using 0.3M oxalic acid and 2% HF aqueous solution as electrolytes, respectively. The effects of formation parameters, namely anodization voltage (10 to 55 V), electrolyte temperature (-10 to 30 oC), and anodization time (5 – 40 min), on the kinetics of ions movement inside anodization chamber in terms of total current passed, average current density, total charge transferred, film thickness, and growth rate, was measured and analyzed. It was also revealed that the thickness of anodic oxide film calculated by Faraday‟s Law (0.2 – 6 µm) was far less than that measured by SEM (21 – 131 µm). The surface morphology of anodic oxide films was studied by SEM. Various structural parameters, like pore diameter (20 – 120 nm), interpore distance (70 – 165 nm), pore circularity (0.74 – 0.90), pore density (42 – 570 µm-2 ), and porosity (5 – 51 %), were determined by using software ImageJ. Values of these parameters were examined as a function of anodization temperature, voltage and time. The activation energy of the rate process of anodization was determined from the Arrhenius plot of current density for both aluminium (0.182 eV) and titanium (0.476 eV). The observations are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for expensive high-purity aluminium and titanium. A detailed structural investigation of the metallic substrates was done using their XRD patterns with the help of Harris‟s analysis and Williamson – Hall analysis. XRD studies of the aluminum substrate shows that (220) and (311) are the preferentially oriented crystallographic planes. The intensity of diffraction peak pertaining to preferentially oriented crystallographic plane (311) is decreased whereas FWHM is increased on anodization; the extent of variation depends on the values of anodizing parameters, i.e. temperature, voltage, and time. The values of crystallite size D and lattice strain ε in the substrate are also changed on anodization. Both D and ε vary with the change. in a given anodizing parameter in an identical manner. However, in the case of titanium substrate (002) and (103) are the preferentially oriented crystallographic planes. The intensity of diffraction peak pertaining to preferentially oriented crystallographic plane (103) is increased whereas FWHM is decreased on anodization; the extent of variation depends on the values of anodizing parameters, i.e. temperature, voltage, and time.
بتاؤ کون کہتا ہے, محبت بس کہانی ہے محبت کو خدارا تم ,کبھی بھی کھیل مت سمجھو محبت پھول کی خوشبو, محبت رنگ تتلی کا محبت اک اشارہ ہے, وفا کا استعارہ ہے زمیں والے! بتاؤ کس طرح سمجھیں محبت کو محبت روشنی ہے, رنگ ہے, خوشبو ہے , نغمہ ہے محبت ماؤں کا آنچل, محبت باپ کی شفقت محبت ہے بہن کی اور ہے بھائی کی الفت بھی محبت حق کا کلمہ ہے, محبت چاشنی من کی محبت تو ازل سے ہے,محبت تا ابد ہوگی فنا ہو جاۓ گی دنیا, فنا ہو جائیں گے ہم تم محبت کا احاطہ اور کن الفاظ سے ہوگا
محبت تو صحیفہ ہے, محبت آسمانی ہے محبت معجزہ ہے معجزوں کی ترجمانی ہے محبت پربتوں کی جھیل کا شفاف پانی ہے محبت اک ستارہ ہے, فلک کی بیکرانی ہے محبت تو زمیں پر آسمانوں کی نشانی ہے محبت اڑتا پنچھی ہے, محبت بہتا پانی ہے محبت رب کی رحمت کا جہاں میں نقش ثانی ہے محبت کھیلتا بچہ ہے اور چڑھتی جوانی ہے محبت روح کا مرہم, دلوں کی حکمرانی ہے محبت تو ہے آفاقی,زمانی نہ مکانی ہے محبت باقی رہ جاۓ گی,یہ تو جاودانی ہے محبت تو محبت ہے,محبت زندگانی ہے
This paper deals with Shariah and Tariqat. The decrees of Shariah have two kinds. One is related to the body (which is visible) , while the other one is about the soul (in visible) . Shariah is a combination of visible and un visible decrees. Tariqat is not a separate entity, it is cm integral part of Shariah. The people who consider Tariqat as a separate entity-, as a matter offact they are misguided persons. Tariqat is nothing but a subservient to Shariah. For the purification ofsoul and to make one self abiding by the laws of Shariah, the Sufia have proposed some specific practices and activities for their followers. They asked their followers to strictly adhere to these practices. Not only for the followers hut also for the spiritual guides; it is incumbent on them to follow the rules ofShariah whether these are related to body or to the soul. Irrespective of the position of the spiritual guide, he should also abide by the laws ofShariah. His Sufipractices. supernatural events or miracles have no value and no acceptance to the Almighty - Allah. Tariqat must be under the rules of Shariah, other wise it will not be accep
Arsenic pollution has become a major issue throughout the world. The present environmental study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of arsenic on reproductive functions of Teddy bucks, and to examine whether these toxic effects are ameliorated by vitamins E and C. For this purpose, 24 adult Teddy bucks were randomly divided into six treatment groups viz; A (control), B (sodium arsenite), C (sodium arsenite + vit E), D (vit E), E (sodium arsenite + vit C) and F (vit C), with four animals in each group.Sodium arsenite was used at dose of 5 mg/kg BW/day, whereas, vit E and C were used at dose of 200 mg/kg BW/day each. These treatments continued for 12 weeks. Semen of experimental bucks of each group was evaluated on weekly basis, while testicular measurements were recorded at 0 and 12th week of experiment. Hematological variables, serum concentrations of male sex hormones (testosterone, LH, FSH) and cortisol were recorded fortnightly. Similarly, body weights of bucks and serum biochemical constituents (ALT, AST, total proteins, total cholesterol, glucose, creatinine and albumin) were also measured fortnightly until completion of the study. Arsenic contents in feces, urine and blood were recorded at the interval of two weeks through atomic absorption spectrophotometer.At the end of the study, animals were slaughtered; testes, liver and kidneys were processed for the histopathological study, as well as for the estimation of arsenic contents. The data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance, followed by Duncan test for multiple mean comparisons. There was significant reduction (P<0.05) in body weights, semen quality parameters, male sex hormones and testicular measurements in arsenic treated animals as compared to control. Likewise, hematological variables and serum biochemical constituents were adversely affected (P<0.05) in arsenic treated animals. Co-administration of vitamin E and C with sodium arsenite ameliorated these toxic effects of arsenic on body weights, testicular measurements, semen quality parameters, serum concentrations of male sex hormones and biochemical constituents. Supplementation of vitamin E or C alone also improved the semen quality parameters, hematology variables, body weights, testicular size and serum levels of sex hormones. However, these vitamins had non-significant (P>0.05) effects on serum biochemical constituents. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in arsenic contents in blood, urine, feces and in internal organs of bucks treated with arsenic.The major histopthological changes in testes of arsenic treated bucks were loss of germinal epithelium with vaccoulations. Similarly, parenchyma of liver and kidneys of arsenic treated Teddy bucks showed pyknosis and cellular infiltrations, whereas administration of vitamins E and C with sodium arsenite eliminated the toxic effects of sodium arsenite on the urine, feces, blood, testes, liver and kidneys. It was concluded that sodium arsenite induced toxic effects in the testes of teddy bucks and adversely affected semen quality and male sex hormones levels. It also adversely affected blood characteristics and serum biochemical parameters. However, feeding of vitamin E and C ameliorated these toxic effects of arsenic on semen quality, blood and serum biochemical constituents.The morphology of parenchymal tissues of testes, liver and kidneys, which was damaged due to arsenic treatment, was also restored by these vitamins.