Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Preparation and Characterization of Bifeo3 Thinfilms Through Chemical Routes

Preparation and Characterization of Bifeo3 Thinfilms Through Chemical Routes

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Shah, Syed Mazhar Hussain

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Solid State Physics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13681/1/Syed_Mazhar_Hussain_Shah_Solid_State_Physics_2016_UoP_Punjab.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676726989412

Similar


Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

عوام کا استحصال

عوام کا استحصال

                ٹیکس کا موجودہ نظام امیر لوگوں کا تحفظ ، مفلس اور متوسط آمدنی والے طبقے پر بوجھ ڈالتا ہے۔ عام عوام کو جو ٹیکس ادا کرنا پڑتا ہے وہ ضرورت اشیا کے مطابق سترہ فیصد ہوتا ہے مگر تمام  ٹیکسز کو ملا کر تین گناہ زیادہ بن جاتا ہے۔اور یہ ٹیکس امیر آدمی کے لیے تو رائی برابر مگر غریب اور متوسط طبقہ افراد کی کمر توڑ کر رکھ دیتا ہے۔ پاکستان کے تمام رہنما قانون آئین اور جمہوریت کی بات کرتے ہیں مگر ان عظیم رہنما ؤں نے کبھی بھی موجودہ نظام میں ٹیکسز کی اصلاح کا ایجنڈا پیش نہیں کیا تو شروع سے یہ نظام چلتا آ رہا ہے ،یہ جوں کا توںہی رہا اور عوام کا استحصال کیا جاتا رہا۔ قوم مسلسل اقتدار اور اعلی منصب پر فائز لوگوں سے ٹیکس وصول نہ کرنے کی سیاسی سرپرستی کی وجہ سے نقصان برداشت کرتی رہی۔لیکن  اذیت کی بات  تو اصل میں یہ رہی کہ یہ حکومت پھر بھی خود کو عوام کا خیر خواہ کہتی رہی۔موجودہ استحصالی نظام کی وجہ سے وہ افراد جن کا تعلق غریب طبقہ سے ہے انھیں کسمپرسی کی زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور کیا جا رہا ہے اور غربا میں کمی کی بجائے اضافہ ہوتا جا رہا ہے۔ملکی ترقی تب ہی ممکن ہے جب طبقاتی تفریق کا خاتمہ کیا جائے اور مساوات کا نظام روا رکھا جائے۔

                ناول نگار نے کہانی میں عوام کے استحصال کو بھی موضوع بنایا ہے۔زمینداروں کے پاس سرمایہ نہیں ہوتا کہ وہ اچھی کاشت کاری کرسکیں جس کے لیے وہ زمین کے عوض سود پر رقم لیتے ہیں اور مقررہ وقت پر جب سود واپس نہیں کیا جاتا تو نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ وہ زمین بنیوں کے پاس چلی جاتی ہے۔ اس...

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Melalui Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Word Square

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan hasil belajar mahasiswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif Word Square. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 36 mahasiswa jurusan Pendidikan Ekonomi IKIP Gunungsitoli semester II. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan prosedur penelitian: persiapan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif work square dalam proses belajar mengajar mata kuliah Dasar- Dasar Akuntansi I dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi semester II IKIP Gunungsitoli. Hal ini terlihat pada hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I sebesar 58, 30% dalam kategori sedang, meningkat pada siklus II mencapai 83, 30% dalam kategori sangat baik. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa model kooperatif Word Square berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar yaitu peningkatan hasil belajar mahasiswa pada mata kuliah Dasar-Dasar Akuntansi I.

Chemiluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence Studies of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Measurands

Early stage diagnosis plays a very crucial role in disease counteract in its very early stage before the appearance of the symptoms. Physician diagnosis depends on the outcomes arise from bio-chemical/diagnostic tests. Therefore, diagnostic methods plays vital role in right diagnosis of diseases on right time and assessing the quality of the drugs. Currently, optical measurement and chromatography based diagnostic assays are mostly used clinically. However, these assays encompass laborious sample preprocessing, complex readout instrumentation, , non-portable, time-consuming and expensive labeling methods. In contrast, electro analytical methods particularly chemiluminescence (CL) and electochemiluminescence (ECL) is one of the approaches that fit perfectly to satisfy the need of desirable characteristics of new diagnostic method. In this project, CL and ECL experiments had been accomplished using a BPCL Ultra-Weak Luminescence Analyzer. The photomultiplier tube (PMT) had been used in the BPCL Ultra-Weak Luminescence Analyzer. PMT was operated in current mode. A conventional three-electrode cell was used with a CHI 600 voltammetric analyzer to carry out electrochemical measurements. The experiments including voltamety, amperometry, ECL analysis, CL-flow injection analysis, and parameters for method validations had been done. The CL studies were performed for detection of creatinine, an important biomarker, used in clinical diagnosis and biomonitoring programs. A strong chemiluminescence was observed when creatinine reacted with H2O2 in the presence of cobalt ions, without any luminophore, enzymes and chromatographic separation. This was presented via CL-FIA method exhibiting a promising strategy for the sensitive quantification of urinary creatinine in clinical and toxicological laboratories. Hence, the CL studies have developed a novel, sensitive and selective method for detection of creatinine, to be used in clinical diagnosis and biomonitoring programs. ECL studies were designed in two parts, The first part explores new coreactants (Tripropylamine and Glucosamine) for typical luminophores and second part design a novel ECL sensor for biomedical analysis. Tripropylamine (TPrA), an eminent coreactant of tris(2,2''-bipyridine)ruthenium ion Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. The most popular coreactant for most luminol studies is H2O2, though it is very unstable and more sensitive to metal ions. In this study, a more stable TPrA was exploited as the coreactant of luminol ECL for the first time. It is anticipated that luminol–TPrA ECL system may be an attractive alternative to luminol–H2O2 ECL system for bioanalysis, immunoassays, DNA probe assays and aptasensors. Glucosamine is a bioavailable amino sugar and helps to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine lacks chromophores (or fluorophores) which enable the sensitive detection with UV (or fluorescence). So, most available analytical methods are expensive, time consuming and need complex sample preparations. Our study investigated a new method for Glucosamine ECL analysis using another luminophore, Ru(Phen)32+ (Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) chloride). The method was validated by quantitative testing of glucosamine contents in nutraceutical products in the market. So, It shows good sensitivity, selectivity, cost effective and very fast as compared with the currently used method. Second part of ECL studies leads to development of a novel cathodic ECL sensor. It was fabricated by introducing a unique facile immobilization method of Tris (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) dichloride Ru(dpp)32+ using graphite powder asimmobilization matrix. This sensor has extended potential window for ECL detecting species (DNA probes, numerous analytes such as S2O82-, oxalates and amine containing compounds)providing a novel approach for cathodic ECL as well as anodic ECL analysis in clinical chemistry and medical diagnostics. In conclusion, this project will contribute in the scientific world via a valuable addition of new analytical methods showing several logs of dynamic range, good sensitivity, fast and cost effectiveness. These characteristics provide advantages over assays that rely on radio isotopic labels, enzymatic activity, fluorescence, chromatographic and spectroscopic which have been applied in the biomedical testing and pharmaceutical analysis. However, it is foreseen that this project can be applied in the biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis for good quality and cost effective tests in future.