Streptokinase (SK) is a fibrinolytic protein which has been produced by several species of β-hemolytic Streptococci. It has been extensively used to treat cardiovascular disorders by activating plasminogen into plasmin and eventually dissolving the blood clot. The objective of the current research project was to exploit indigenously isolated Streptococcus agalactiae EBL-20 for the production of SK and enhancing its productivity by Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced mutations, optimized culture conditions and nutritional requirements. Four mutants namely, S. agalactiae EBL-31, S. agalactiae EBL-32, S. agalactiae EBL-33 and S. agalactiae EBL-34 were selected by different screening procedures using triton X-100, casein plasminogen overlay assay and clot lysis assay. The optimum levels of four process variables (pH, temperature, incubation time and inoculum size) were obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). According to statistical results, a temperature value of 37.5⁰C and pH 7 of the fermentation medium with 2.50 mL inoculum size for 36 hours of incubation was considered as optimum for enhanced SK production. After optimization, mutant derived strains EBL-31, EBL-32, EBL-33 and EBL-34 resulted in 2.01, 2.30, 3.70 and 2.48 fold increased activity as compared to parent S. agalactiae EBL-20, respectively. The best mutant obtained after performing optimization studies was found to be S. agalactiae EBL-33 with 3.70 fold increased activity, hence it was purified and exploited for characterization studies with reference to S. agalactiae EBL-20.The purification of SK by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex-G100 resulted into specific activity of 447.6 and 1278.87 U mg⁻¹ from parent S. agalactiae EBL-20 and mutant derived S. agalactiae EBL-33, respectively. The molecular weight of SK obtained from both the strains of S. agalactiae was found to be 47 kDa. Study of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters revealed that SK obtained from S. agalactiae EBL-33 has more potential for utilizing its substrate i.e., plasminogen with high thermostability, in contrast to SK derived from S. agalactiae EBL-20. The study concludes that both UV rays and EMS are effective mutagenic agents for enhanced production of SK from S. agalactiae. Moreover, enhanced SK yield can be obtained by optimizing the nutritional necessities and fermentation/cultivation conditions of the microorganism.
ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس اسی مہینہ ہندوستان کی ایک اور نامور شخصیت ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس نے انتقال کیا، وہ اپنے دور کے مشہور صاحب علم و قلم اور درویش صفت صوفی مشرب فلسفی تھے، فلسفہ اور تصوف پر ان کی بڑی گہری نظر تھی، اس پر انگریزی میں ان کی کئی تصانیف ہیں، اسلام سے پوری طرح واقف اور اسلامی تصوف سے خاص ذوق رکھتے تھے، عقیدۃً موحد اور اپنی تہذیب و معاشرت میں پرانی تہذیب و شرافت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھے، اپنے مسلمان دوستوں کو جب خطوط لکھتے تھے تو اپنا نام عبدالقادر لکھتے تھے اور کہتے تھے کہ بھگوان داس اور عبدالقادر کے معنی ایک ہیں، بمبئی کے گورنر سری پرکاش صاحب کے والد تھے، ان کو شرافت و وضعداری اپنے والد ہی سے ترکہ میں ملی ہے،ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس کی موت سے ہندوستان کی ایک بڑی علمی و تہذیبی یادگار مٹ گئی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۵۸ء)
The public's reaction to the implementation of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic is discussed in this report, as well as the idea of enforcing public health protocols, the relevance of implementing health protocols, and the public's reaction to implementing health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This thesis is a quantitative one that relies on data gathered from surveys. The public reaction demonstrates that health guidelines are needed to strengthen attempts to avoid and monitor COVID-19 for people in public places and hospitals in order to avoid the emergence of new epicenters / clusters during the pandemic, as shown by the 78 percent who cooperate and the 22 percent who deliberately and inadvertently disregard. The community's position in breaking the COVID-19 transmission chain, or the possibility of contracting and distributing it, must be accomplished by the implementation of health protocols. The community's reaction to COVID 19 varies; some people really follow the government's protocol, which some people understand; but, for economic reasons, they still operate outside the home to survive.
A Study of Power Structures in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and Richard Wright's Black Boy The study deals with novels Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison and Black Boy by Richard Wright which depict bitter experiential realities of institutional racism of late 19th and early20th century American society. Institutional racism is a policy based on racial prejudice aimed at to generate different outcomes for races, marginalizing in particular the minority group and granting more rights and privileges to the majority group. The research study has probed into Institutional Racism vis-a-vis Critical Race Theory with a particular focus on identifying power structures existing in educational, legal, political, social, economic etc. institutions which further institutional racism. The study employed qualitative content analysis technique to analyze the texts of the novels Invisible Man and Black Boy. Power structures are elite groups formed by people who hold influential positions within a government, society, organization or institution. They employ their power base to achieve their vested interests. Whites with more opportunities try to maintain their existing power base and at the same time try to enhance it. This power base which endows the Whites social power or social control forms the core of power structures. This social power or social control is based on resources distributed unequally. The research study has found that Whites exercise their power or social control over the Blacks in order to maintain this power basis or to enhance it and prevent Blacks from acquiring it.