ZnO based diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) have been extensively studied during last decade because of their potential applications in spintronic devices. The search for completely new DMS materials with room temperature (RT) ferromagnetism, as well as designing and modification in existing DMS materials are some important and recent issues regarding DMSs. The achievement of RT ferromagnetism in these materials is itself a great challenge. The controversies among researchers suggest that ferromagnetic behavior and its origin in DMSs depends on composition, synthesis conditions, annealing parameters and additional dopants for varying the concentration of carriers as well. A meaningful devotion has been given to magnetic elements (Mn, Ni, Co, and Fe) doped ZnO. Moreover, these compositions have also been treated with some additional thermal treatments and doping of Al for brief and consequential observations. An attention to bulk materials has also been given in this research for more precise studies. We have successfully synthesized the phase pure compositions of Zn0.95Mn0.05O, Zn0.95-xMn0.05AlxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10), Zn0.95Ni0.05O, Zn0.95Co0.05O and Zn0.90Co0.05Al0.05O DMSs using sol-gel based auto-combustion and chemically derived co-precipitation techniques. XRD studies revealed the formation of phase pure compositions in most cases without any second or impurity phase. However, some traces of manganese oxide in Mn doped ZnO in Ni doped ZnO were detected in samples thermally treated at higher temperatures and synthesized with co-precipitation technique, respectively. EDX analysis confirmed the incorporation of utilized dopants into ZnO matrix. Morphological studies by SEM and FESEM were carried out to analyze the proportion, uniformity, quality and size of grains. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity measurements depicted the semiconducting behavior of materials. Room temperature ferromagnetism was successfully achieved in Zn0.95Mn0.05O composition. The similar composition of Mn doped ZnO was thermally annealed at various temperatures (400, 600, and 800 °C) for 8 hours. It was observed that crystallinity of the samples improved with increase of temperature of thermal treatment. This improvement in crystallinity also affected the resistivity and magnetization attributed to the dependence of physical properties upon structural arrangement. Temperature dependent electrical resistivity measurements showed a decreasing trend with the doping of Al in ZnMnO, which is attributable to the enhancement of free carriers. The results indicate that Al doping results in significant variation in the concentration of free carriers and correspondingly the carrier-mediated magnetization. Auto-combustion and co-precipitation techniques were employed to prepare the Zn0.95Ni0.05O samples. Room temperature ferromagnetism was detected only in sample synthesized with auto-combustion technique. It was confirmed that synthesis techniques strongly influenced the various properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor materials. Room temperature magnetic measurements reveal the absence of ferromagnetism in Co doped ZnO, while Co and Al co-doped sample display the clear room temperature ferromagnetic behavior. The decrease of resistivity and presence of ferromagnetic behavior in Al doped ZnCoO system corroborates the significant role of free carriers.
ڈاکٹر نصیر احمد اسد کی کتاب آ پ کے ہاتھوں میں ہے پڑھ کے خود ہی فیصلہ کر لیجیے گا،مجھے کتاب سے زیادہ صاحب کتاب پر بات کرنی ہے کہ میں نے اپنی زندگی کے بہت سے شب و روز نصیر کے ساتھ گزارے ہیں۔ ایم فل میں داخلہ اس کا سبب بنا۔ سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں کلاس کا آ غا ز ہوا تو زندگی کا ایک نیا باب شروع ہوا۔ طارق کلیم ہمارا کلاس سی آ ر بھی تھا اور راجہ اندر بھی۔ محفلیں جمانا، خوش گپیاں کرنا اور ٹک کر نہ بیٹھنا طارق کلیم کی مٹی میں گندھے ہوئے تھے دو چار کے ساتھ نہیں بلکہ پوری کلاس کو ساتھ لے کر کنٹین کے ساتھ اس لان میں بیٹھنا جہاں ڈاکٹر طاہر تونسوی کی نظر بھی پڑ جاتی۔ عجیب دن تھے میری مردہ نسوں میں زندگی پھر سے دوڑنے لگی تھی۔ اس اثنا میں جن لوگوں سے قربت ہوئی ان میں نصیر اسد بھی تھا سوٹڈ بوٹڈ، باریش، زودگو اور صاف دل بھولا بھالا نصیر اسد جس میں لڑکپن کی بے فکری اور ادھیڑ عمری کی سنجیدگی باہم پیکار میں تھیں۔ اسے تعلیم کی بہت فکر تھی میری کم گوئی کو اس نے لیاقت جان لیا اور گوندل ہاسٹل میں میرے پاس آنے لگا مل کر پڑھتے،مل کر کھاتے پیتے اور مل کر یونیورسٹی جاتے۔ اس کے پاس ایک سائیکل تھی جس پر سوار ہو کر ہم یونیورسٹی جاتے ڈرائیور عام طور پر نصیر اسد ہوتا۔ وقت گزرتا رہا دوستی پروان چڑھتی رہی اور یوں بلآخر ہمارا ایم فل ہو گیا۔ پھر استاد محترم ڈاکٹر سید عامر سہیل صاحب اور طارق کلیم کے اکسانے پر ہم پی ایچ ڈی میں داخلے کے لیے بغیر تیاری کے ٹیسٹ میں جا بیٹھے۔ پرا نے کلاس فیلوز میں سے پانچ لوگ تھے جن کا داخلہ ہوا۔ ان میں طارق...
During the Arab Rule in Sindh, there had been great and featured research work in all fields of Islamic knowledge particularly in the field of Qurʾān, Hadīth and biography of Prophet Muḥammad PBUH. After the Arabs, The Kalhora’s period is known as the golden period of education, literature and civilization in the history of Sindh. Prior to this, the scholars of Sindh had written various voluminous works on Islamic knwoledge in Arabic and Persian. During this period, a movement initiated amongst the scholars of Sindh, which encouraged them for writing and compiling books in local Sindhi Language inspite of vernacular Arabian and Persian languages. As such, a remarkable work of authorship and compilation had been made in various fields including Islamic studies in general and in the field of biography of Hazrat Muḥammad PBUH, which thereafter remained continued in the days of Talpur’s, British Rule and till to date. This paper is the analytical survey of Sīrah Literature being produced in Sindh from 1947 to 2015 CE in local Sindhi Language.
The study was conducted in the central district of Karachi, Pakistan. The sample of this study included one District Officer Education (DOE), one Supervisor, three head teachers, six teachers and three Professional Development Teachers. Since the focus of the study was to explore the perceptions of the stakeholders in the government education system about the role of PDTs, all the participants were selected from this system. The purpose of the establishment of the AKU-IED was to supplement government's efforts to improve the quality of education in the country through in-service teacher training. To achieve this objective, AKU- IED initially started working with fourteen government schools' in Karachi, called cooperating schools. Teachers from these cooperating schools participated in a two-year long Master in Education (M.Ed.) programmes offered by AKU-IED and were called Professional Development Teachers (PDTs), after completion of the programme. The purpose of the M.Ed. programme was to prepare a core of teacher educators who could, after completing the course, work with the teachers and help in improving the quality of education in their systems/contexts. Since 1995, quite a large number of teachers from the government education system, have obtained their M.Ed. degrees from AKU-IED and have been working in their systems/schools. During this time, very little effort has been made to understand the role of PDTs in the government system. This study is also a small effort to understand the role of PDTs from the perspective of the stakeholders with whom the PDTs are working. Using the qualitative research design, data was collected through interviews; using the semi structured interview guide and document analysis. This study will help to understand the role of PDTs in the government education system thus informing the stakeholders about the opportunities and challenge that the PDTs in the government system face. The study may help the administration of AKU-IED to look into the issues raised in the study and take remedial steps in order to enhance the PDTs role in the government education system, so that the goal of quality improvement can be achieved.