Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is the leading nutritional problem worldwide especially in infants. It refers to the macronutrient deficiency resulting from an inadequate intake of protein and energy. Legumes are locally available, cheaper source of protein and can complement cereals to prepare weaning foods to combat PEM. Among the legumes, cowpea and mungbean have good protein and amino acid profile, but may contain certain anti-nutritional components. Roasting was employed to increase the nutritional profile of the product and to reduce anti-nutritional factors in the product. In the present study, roasted cowpea and mungbean flours were analyzed for anti-nutritional factors (hemagglutinin & trypsin inhibitor activities and phytate content) and were mixed with wheat flour to make composite flour. The proximate analysis of mungbean depicted higher moisture and ash contents (5.93 and 4.02%) as compared to cowpea (3.37 and 3.35%), whereas crude protein, fat & fiber contents in cowpea were higher (23.10, 2.05 & 3.57%) than mungbean (22.45, 1.34 & 3.07%), respectively. The mineral profile explicated that potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and zinc were 28.19, 387.51, 61.20, 78.33 and 45.75 mg/100g in cowpea while 10.46, 7.55, 5.31, 1.28 and 2.17 mg/100g in mungbean respectively. After roasting, phytate contents presented decrement in cowpea and mungbean up to 67.03 and 71.12% as compared to raw counterparts, respectively. Likewise, the percent decrease in hemagglutinin-lectin and trypsin inhibitor activities were 68.85 & 78.47% and 79.81 & 77.00% in roasted cowpea & mungbean as compared to raw versions, accordingly. Amongst composite flours, T0 (100% Wheat flour) had highest moisture content 12.22%, T3 (30% cowpea) showed highest protein content 13.14% while crude fat, crude fiber and ash contents were maximum in T9 (15% cowpea & 15% mungbean) as 1.69, 1.12 and 1.29%, correspondingly. Furthermore, maximum nitrogen free extract (NFE) value was observed in T5 (20% mungbean) as 76.32% and highest water absorption & oil absorption capacity was noticed in T3 1.44 mL/g & T8 (10% cowpea & 10% mungbean) 1.16 mL/g, respectively. Additionally, the emulsion capacity was highest in T8 as 75.75% while emulsion stability was maximum in treatment; T2 (20% cowpea) i.e. 53.33%. Highest foaming stability was observed in T8 as 68.67%, whereas highest foaming capacity (44.74%) was reported in T3. In the product development phase, nine weaning foods were prepared using different ratios of cowpea and mungbean. Three most acceptable weaning food prototypes; W2= Roasted cowpea (20%)+wheat flour (30%)+rice flour (13%)+sugar (10%)+vegetable oil (10%)+milk powder (16%)+vitamin-mineral mix (1%), W5= Roasted mungbean (20%)+wheat flour (30%)+rice flour (13%)+sugar (10%)+vegetable oil (10%)+milk powder (16%)+vitamin-mineral mix (1%) and W8= Roasted cowpea & mungbean (10:10%)+wheat flour (30%)+rice flour (13%)+sugar (10%)+vegetable oil (10%)+milk powder (16%)+vitamin-mineral mix (1%) were selected on the basis of sensory response with overall acceptability scored as 7.67, 7.66 and 7.92 and were renamed as W1S, W2S and W3S, respectively however, Wc= soybean (20%)+wheat flour (30%)+rice flour (13%)+sugar (10%)+vegetable oil (10%)+milk powder (16%)+vitamin-mineral mix (1%) was run as control. Amongst the selected weaning foods, W2S had more moisture content (4.58%) while higher crude protein was found in W3S (17.01%). On the other hand, fat, fiber and ash were highest in WC as 11.11, 4.57 and 2.67% respectively. W3S showed higher loose and packed bulk density values as well as reconstitution index, viscosity and gross calorific value. Regarding growth study parameters, protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and relative net protein ratio (RNPR) were viewed maximum in W3 as 2.65, 3.34 and 53.18 among the prepared treatments and found relatively comparable with Wc (2.84, 6.28 and 100), correspondingly. In nitrogen balance study, true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) were highest in W3S as 80.31, 85.09 and 82.67% i.e. quite equivalent to Wc values (91.25, 91.84 & 89.37%), respectively. The acceptability appraisal of prepared infant formulations was conducted through short term infant feeding trails with the help of nursing mothers. The acceptability scores were ranged from 3.18 to 4.07 (out of 5) from day 1 to day 15. Conclusively, the selected legume based weaning foods presented comparable characteristics to that of existing soy based equivalents in terms of protein content, energy value and acceptability test as well as its impact on growth & nitrogen balance aspects.
This qualitative study employs Communities of Practice (Lave& Wenger, 1991) framework to map out how female learner identity is built and negotiated within Post-colonial Pakistan. The study traces out the ongoing identity struggles of young Pakistani female ESL learners at The Institute of English Language and Literature (IELL), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, from a broadly poststructuralist perspective. Data analysis and interpretation were guided by CoP framework which views learner as essentially part and parcel of the learning environment within which learning takes places. The data revealed a complex picture of Female English Language Learner Identity (FELLI), as diverse subject positions emerged while the participants developed a sense of alignment with different CoP and displaying acts of resistance to counter discrimination. Higher education appeared as a site of identity negotiation and transition into new CoP for the participants. The participants demonstrated signs of social, linguistic and academic participation in as participating members of academic CoP.
The study was based on an investigation about employee motivation practices in universities of Punjab.
In this regard objectives of the study involved to assess the factors serving as motivation force for
employees, comparison of motivational factors considered significant for employees of public and
private universities, to compare motivation techniques used by public and private universities for
employees and to evaluate the effect of motivation technique on motivation factors. Employee from
public and private universities of Punjab responded against two study questionnaires (MFAS & MTAS).
These tools of data collection were developed by the researcher in light of related literature and
researches. Various statistical tests were used for data analysis like correlation, t-test, regression,
percentages and factor analysis.
A pilot testing was conducted for the verification of the tool with reference to its reliability and validity.
Total faculty members of all public and private universities located in province of Punjab, Pakistan was
population of this research. For sample selection, proportional stratified sampling technique was
applied and ten percent (11%) members out of population were taken as sample. These questionnaires
were distributed among 1033 faculty members which was desired sample size and finally 940
questionnaires were received in complete form. Responses received from the respondents were
interpreted and analyzed through SPSS 16th edition. The analysis provided a significant
interrelationship among scales and subscales. Data presented high motivation level of private
universities' employees as compare to public sector universities' employees. But private universities
were found to be incapable of fair and frequent distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic techniques.
In this regard public sector universities of Punjab were better in terms of integration of intrinsic and
extrinsic techniques with management practices. The study was highlighted a need to explore some
other areas responsible for ineffectiveness of motivational techniques in regards of employees
motivation. The study findings might be helpful in figuring out deficit areas causing low or no
motivation. Need for proper and regular development programs for managers of an organization was
also considered imperative so that psychological factors could be addressed.