Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever in humans. Although typhoid fever has almost vanished from developed countries, it is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Its global annual incidence has increased from 21 million cases to 26.9 million cases during the period 2000 to 2010. Typhoid fever is curable with high dose of several antimicrobials but the treatment is time consuming and expensive. Vaccines are the eventual source of prevention from typhoid fever. At present, licensed typhoid vaccines are based on Vi polysaccharides. These vaccines are not useful for children of less than 2 years of age and are ineffective against the infections caused by Vi negative S. Typhi strains. O-Specific polysaccharides (OSP) from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are universally present in both Vi positive and Vi negative S. Typhi and their conjugation with a potential immunogenic protein can make them useful for children below 2 years of age and to elicit humoral as well as cellular immune response. Therefore, we planned to prepare polysaccharide-protein conjugates of Vi negative S. Typhi as potential vaccine candidates. Initially, we purified OSP from the extracted LPS of a local Vi negative S. Typhi isolate and checked its antigenicity against polyclonal mice antisera. To conjugate a carrier protein with the purified OSP, we used the recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and human serum albumin (HSA). For production of recombinant rEPA, full length rEPA gene was cloned in expression vector. Protein expression was optimized using different isopropyl-β-D- thiogalactoside (IPTG) concentrations, various temperatures and post-induction time. The expressed protein was purified on Ni-NTA chromatography column from soluble fraction as well as from inclusion bodies. His-tag was removed from rEPA using tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Polyacrylamide gel and Western blot procedures were performed to check the purity of the protein. We synthesized four glycoconjugate vaccine candidates of Vi negative S. Typhi OSP using sodium cyanoborohydride (reductive amination) and 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP). Each of the conjugate was injected to mice on day 1, day 21 and day 42. The immune response (IgG) against prepared conjugates were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the results were interpreted by one way ANOVA using all conjugate groups vs. OSP control group. The conjugate 2 elicited significantly high (P = 0.0001) antibody titer, while the titers produced by conjugate 1 (P = 0.037), conjugate 3 (P = 0.302) and conjugate 4 (P = 0.416) were not significantly higher than that of the control group. We conclude that the conjugate 2 (OSP-rEPA) has the potential to be evaluated further and recommended for the clinical trials.
پاکستان میں 2010ء میں منظر عام پر آنے والا ناول خس وخاشاک زمانے مستنصر حسین تارڑ نے تحریر کیا۔ایک ایسا ناول جس میں لاہور کی منظر نگاری کی گئی ہے لاہور میں رہنے والوں کا ماحول ،رہن سہن اور گاؤں سے آنے والے وہ افراد جو روزگار کی تلاش میں بڑے شہروں کی طرف اپنا رخ کرتے ہیں اور پھر کس طرح ان کی زندگی گزرتی ہے، ان کوکن مسائل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ان تمام باتوں کو بہت خوبصورتی سے خس وخاشاک زمانے میں مصنف نے اپنا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ناول میں مصنف نے دنیا پور سے آئے ہوئے لوگوں کے بارے میں بتایا ہے کہ وہ سبزی منڈی آتے ہیں اور لاہور سبزی منڈی میں اپنا سارا مال بیچ کر شام کی ٹرین سے واپس اپنے گاؤں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں۔مصنف ان لوگوں کی طرف اشارہ کرتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آپ کو بلند سمجھتے ہیں یعنی جاٹ برادری سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔خود کو تمام ذاتوں سے اعلیٰ اور باقی تمام ذاتوں کو خود سے کمتر اور اپنا خادم تصور کرتے ہیں۔مصنف نے بتایا ہے کہ جب یہی لوگ اپنے گاؤں سے شہر میں آکر آباد ہو جاتے ہیں تو انھیں شہر کی تنگ گلیوں اور چھوٹے مکانوں کو دیکھتے ہوئے اپنے گاؤں کے کھلے گھر اور گوبر کی بدبوئیں یاد آتی ہیں۔
’’خس وخاشاک زمانے ‘‘کو پاکستان کی ایک ایسی کہانی کہا جاسکتا ہے کہ جو معاشرے کی تہذیبی واخلاقی اقدار اور پھر معاشرے میں بدلتے ہوئے اخلاقی رویوں کو بیان کرتی ہے۔ ناول میں دو خاندانوں کی کہانی کو بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کو موضوع بناتے ہوئے اس نے ان حقائق سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جن پر بات کرنا معیوب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔کہانی نسلوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ایک داستان کی...
Fath ul Qadeer is one of the most comprehensive and well organized works in the Hanafi School of thought. Full name of this book is Fath ul Qadeer Lel ‘Aajez el Faqeer. It is a commentary and illustration of Hedaya, the most popular and authentic book in Islamic jurisprudence and in Islamic schools of thought. It is compendium of Islamic knowledge with a discussion on various subjects that are from various types of fiqh and Usool-e-fiqh. Author, Ibn e Hamam used a critical explanation of words from lexical to technical, their grammatical analysis, connection on the basis of grammatical and syntax regulations and illustration of differences between synonyms. The methodology of this book is unique as it provide unprejudiced and impartial in analysis of various topics under discussion and the rational and logical arguments given by the author in support of his view make this book a significant work and a remarkable milestone in fiqh collections. The paper concludes with a comprehensive analysis of the aspects dealt with in terms of methodology and its characteristics.
The purpose of the research was to find the effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement on their behavior. The objectives of the research were (1)To know about the level of cyber bullying in the students of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(2)To explore the possible effects of cyber bullying on student‟s behavior and academic achievement in the students of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(3)To find differences of effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement and behavior in terms of demographic variable in the student‟s s of higher secondary schools of Punjab.(4)To finds differences of effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their age.(5)To find differences of effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and student‟s behavior in terms of their class.(6)To find differences in the effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their area/location.(7)To find differences in the effects of cyber bullying on the student‟s academic achievement and students‟ behavior in terms of their parents‟ monthly income. Research was mix method . Multistage random sampling method was used Total 2160 students and 48 teachers from 6 districts were selected as sample .A questionnaire and Semi structured interview was developed by the researcher .Questionnaire and Semi structured interview was piloted Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient of reliability was 0.72, 0.70 and 0.73 . The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics result shows that Cyber bullying has more effects on students‟ academic achievement as compared to their behavior. There are no significant effects of cyber bullying on students‟ academic achievement and on their behavior in terms of their gender, area/location and class, their behavior in terms of their age and parents‟ income. The qualitative data obtained from teachers concludes that students are well aware of cyber bullying. Cyber bullying equally affects boys and girls of public sector higher secondary schools.