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Home > Prevalence of Hepatitis C and its Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Prevalence of Hepatitis C and its Associated Risk Factors in Pregnant Women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Zobia Afsheen

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Microbiology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10825/1/Zobia%20Afsheen%20Full%20thesis.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727008334

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In the present study, we analyzed the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in five selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The prevention of this highly infectious disease that largely remains asymptomatic, and leads to serious damage during pregnancy carries a substantial socio-economic benefit for the health and welfare of this region. The sensitivity and accuracy of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were also evaluated in comparison with the routine diagnostic methods: Immuno chromatographic technique (ICT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 750 blood samples from five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa namely, Mardan,Kohat, Peshawar, Nowshera, and Charsadda were screened for HCV infection using a combination of three diagnostic procedures: ELISA, ICT, and qPCR. The results showed that out of the 750 blood samples analyzed, the qPCR assay could confirm the presence of HCV RNA only in 10–30% of anti-HCV-positive samples in each district, with an average of 24% in all districts. ELISA was found to be the most sensitive method for detecting anti-HCV antibodies in 70–100% of HCV-positive blood samples in each district, with an average of 92% in all districts. ICT, which detected antibodies in 27–71% of HCV-positive blood samples from different districts with an average of 44%, is clearly less sensitive than ELISA. The overall prevalence rate in the KP, with 48 of the 750 blood samples tested positive for HCV among pregnant women, was estimated to be 6.4%, which falls within the HCV prevalence range of 4.5 to 8%, reported for Pakistan. However, there was a considerable variation in the rate of HCV prevalence at the district level, which are in order of Mardan (9.33%) >Kohat (7.33%) >Peshawar (6.00%) >Nowshera=Charsadda (4.33%). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of variables of HCV prevalence, like age, education, residential status, travel to abroad, gravidity, dilation and curettage (D&C), blood transfusion, abortion, general and dental surgery, etc., in participants found to be HCV-positive. The logistic regression model was found to be statistically insignificant (χ2 (8) = 8.785, p >0.05). The model explained 49.9% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in HCV-positive cases and correctly classified 95.6% of them. People with a marriage duration of 11–20 years were 17.228 times likely to exhibit HCV symptoms than people in other groups of marriage duration. Illiterates were 50.850 times more likely to acquire HCV infection than people with education. Respondents with urban residential status were 5.221 times more likely to be HCV-positive. Gravidity (primigravida) was also found to have a significant impact on HCV prevalence. A history of dental surgery is likely to increase the chances of HCV-positive status by 2.657 times, whereas the use of therapeutic injections is likely to increase the chances of HCV-positive status by 4.474 times. All other variables were found to be non-significant. District wise chi-square analysis showed age, marriage duration, education, residential status,HCV-positive husband, gravidity, dilation and curettage (D&C), blood transfusion, history of abortion, general and dental surgery, ear and nose piercing, awareness about HCV, history of accident, and use of therapeutic injections to be associated with HCV infection to variable extent in different districts. Our findings of a prevalence rate of 6.4% in KP have important health implications for a large number of pregnant women and their families as most of the infected women are ignorant of HCV infection. Since most of them are asymptomatic, they tend to have normal life implying that there exists a considerable potential for the transmission of HCV to the fetus.
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مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی

مولانا عبدالسلام قدوائی
افسوس ہے ہمارے فاضل اوردیرینہ دوست مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب قدوائی بھی کم وبیش ستربرس کی عمر میں۲۴/اگست کواپنے گاؤں تہیلنڈی ضلع رائے بریلی(اترپردیش)میں راہی ملک بقاہوگئے۔خاتمہ اچانک ہوا،۲۴/اگست کو آخری روزہ تھا، مرحوم سحری کے وقت پہلے خود اُٹھے، پھر گھر کے لوگوں کو اٹھایا لیکن ابھی سحری کھائی نہیں تھی کہ بیت الخلا جاتے ہوئے گرپڑے، تھوڑی دیر کے بعد حالت غیر ہوگئی اوربے ہوش ہوگئے، نفس کی آمدوشد میں فرق آگیا،اورآخر چند گھنٹوں کے بعد جان جانِ آفریں کوسپرد کردی۔انا ﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔
مرحوم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماکے آخری درجہ میں زیر تعلیم تھے کہ ندوہ میں ایک مشہور اورعظیم الشان اسٹرائیک ہوئی، اس سلسلہ میں احمد جعفری اوردوسرے بہت سے طلباء کے ساتھ مرحوم بھی خارج کردیئے گئے۔ اب وہ جامعۂ ملیہ اسلامیہ میں داخل ہوگئے لیکن کئی برس یہاں مقیم رہنے کے باوجود تکمیل یہاں بھی نہ کرسکے۔بہرحال تھے ذہین اورجو کچھ پڑھا تھا محنت اورشوق سے پڑھا تھا اس لیے استعداد پختہ تھی، اس بناپر چندبرس ندوہ میں مدرس رہے۔لکھنؤ میں ادارۂ تعلیمات اسلام کے نام سے ایک ادارہ قائم کیا۔بمبئی میں اخبار خلافت کے عملۂ ادارت سے بھی وابستہ رہے۔ آخرکار جامعہ ملیہ اسلامیہ میں ناظم شعبۂ دینیات ہوگئے، یہاں سے سبکدوش ہوکرندوۃ العلماء میں معتمد تعلیمات ہوئے، پھر شاہ معین الدین احمد صاحب کاانتقال ہوا توان کی جگہ سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن صاحب کے ہاں ماہنامۂ ’معارف‘ کے شریک ادارت ہوگئے۔مولانا مرحوم نے اگرچہ کم لکھاہے لیکن جوکچھ لکھاہے بہت خوب لکھاہے۔سادگی کے ساتھ طرفگی اور سنجیدگی ومتانت کے ساتھ شگفتگی اُن کے قلم کی خصوصیت تھی۔طبیعت رسااورنکتہ آفریں پائی تھی، کم گواورکم سخن،مرنج ومرنجان اوربڑے بااخلاق ومتواضع تھے۔ اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ
[ستمبر۱۹۷۹ء]

 

خون حرا م ہے: حلال انڈسٹری کے بنیادی قرآنی معیار کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Healthy nourishment depends on healthy food. General consideration of people is of being the food safe and edible for human consumption not its effect on their spiritual selves but the Islamic terms Ḥalāl and Ḥarām emphasis on both physical and internal safety. Islam commands to avoid doubtful and dubious things rather than to use Ḥarām. The unprecedented evolution and advancement of science and technology caused a revolution in the food-science and technology as well. Many new and innovative flavors etc. Took place of organic and natural consumables. Accordingly, the Muslims were in dire need of a robust system which would be able to convince them of the Ḥalāl status of the daily consumables. The article investigates the Sharī’ah stand on the issue of blood in the light of Qur’ān, Sunnah and comparative jurisprudence study, and modern sciences related to blood. Keeping in mind the Globalized Halal Industry all the researched is coupled with combined comparative study of all Schools of Islamic Fiqh, to make easy the way of Unified Halaal Standard regarding the blood. Under the main title The paper comprises subtopics of an introduction and few chapters, which deal with definition and functions of blood, types of blood, difference between blood of aquatic and land animals, comparative study of modern sciences related to blood and Shariah status of use of the blood in various industries in term of Halal and Haram.

Gene Function Studies of Begomovirus Genes Expressed from Pvx Vector in Nicotiana Benthamiana

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are single-stranded DNA viruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Many economically important diseases of crops are caused by begomviruses, particularly in developing countries. These include African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), which causes significant losses to the subsistence crop cassava in sub-Saharan Africa, and the betasatellite-associated begomoviruses causing cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) that causes significant losses to the mainstay of the economy of Pakistan, cotton. The study presented here was designed to provide us with a better understanding of begomovirus pathogenicity, virus host interactions and the roles of individual virus-encoded genes in these interactions, as well as the effects of environmental factors on pathogenicity. Ultimately the information gained may be useful in allowing the design of better control strategies using either natural or engineered resistance. To investigate, on a wider scale than has previously been conducted, which gene products encoded by begomoviruses are involved in symptom induction/pathogenicity, all genes encoded by ACMV, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMV)/Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuB), Cabbage leaf curl virus (CbLCuV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), representing four different classes of begomoviruses, were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using a Potato virus X (PVX) vector. All efforts to transform the PVX construct with the TYLCV replication associated protein gene (rep) into Agrobacterium were unsuccessful, indicating that this Rep may be toxic to Agrobacterium and precluding its use in all further studies. With the exception of the REn proteins, the TrAP proteins of ACMV and CLCuMV, the CPs of CLCuMV and CbLCuV, and the DNA B encoded MP and NSP of CbLCuV and MSP of ACMV, all other begomovirus proteins, when expressed from PVX, induced a phenotype above and beyond the mild symptoms induced by PVX in N. benthamiana. All three Rep proteins induced a severe symptom phenotype, however, for CLCuMV and CbLCuV, after the initial severe symptoms plants gradually recovered. Although all (A)V2 proteins induced severe symptoms, that of CLCuMV additionally induced a necrotic response in both inoculated leaves and leaves developing subsequent to inoculation that was reminiscent of a hypersensitive response. PVX-mediated expression of CLCuMB βC1 induced the most unusual symptoms in N. benthamiana. These symptoms resembled those induced by CLCuD in cotton and consisted of leaf curling, vein yellowing, stunting and the formation of enations on the undersides of leaves. These results indicate that, even for quite closely related viruses within a single genus, each virus interacts with plants (or at least N. iiibenthamiana) in a distinct fashion and that the ultimate outcome (the visible symptoms) are likely a complex interaction of multiple virus-encoded genes with distinct host factors, or affecting the same host factors to varying degrees. Overall it is clear that the findings with one virus do not set a precedent for the other viruses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. miRNAs are involved in a variety of activities, including plant development, signal transduction, protein degradation, response to environmental stress, and pathogen invasion. Several studied have shown that miRNA-directed processes might be a general feature of virus pathogenicity. In order to study this phenomenon, in relation to begomoviruses, infections of N. benthamiana by four distinct virus species were assessed for their effects on ten miRNAs known to be important in plant development. Additionally, the effects of the expression of all genes encoded by the four begomoviruses from a PVX vector on miRNA levels were studied. Northern blot analysis using specific oligonucleotide probes for miRNAs showed that, in general, begomovirus infection increases the accumulation of miRNAs. However, there was no general consistency between the viruses, each affecting different miRNAs and to varying extents. The analysis showed that, essentially, all begomovirus-encoded gene products have the ability to influence host miRNA levels, the first time this has been demonstrated. It was also found that genes encoding suppressor of gene silencing affect the miRNA level in a significant way when compared with non suppressors. Again there was a lack of consistency, each virus appearing to use a different protein, or proteins, to influence miRNA levels, although there were some minor trends apparent such as, for example, the TrAP protein of all viruses analyzed being the strongest up-regulator of the widest range of miRNAs. Furthermore, the results suggest that miRNA binding by begomovirus suppressors such as TrAP and (A)C4, and by implication also those of other phytopathogenic viruses, are collateral damage; thus that they are unintentional and result merely from the overlap of the siRNA and miRNA pathways. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural defense response of plants against invading viruses. As a counter-defense viruses encode suppressors of gene silencing that allow them to effectively invade plant hosts. Using a novel quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay and conventional northern blot analysis, the ability of all genes encoded by the begomovirus CLCuMV and its associated betasatellite, CLCuMB (which together cause CLCuD), were assessed for their ability to suppress RNAi. The analysis showed that the V2, TrAP, C4 and βC1 proteins exhibit suppressor activity. Although each of these proteins has, for other viruses, been previously shown to have suppressor activity, this is ivthe first time all proteins encoded by a geminivirus (or begomovirus-betasatellite complex) have been examined and also the first for which four separate suppressors have been identified. Since all the proteins were examined in a single experiment, this also allowed comparison of the relative suppressor activity of each protein, which showed that the strongest activity was for V2. Environmental conditions have a marked effect on the infectivity and spread of viruses in plants. To investigate the effects of temperature and light intensity on virus spread and gene silencing in plants, the CLCuMV-encoded V2 protein and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used as markers of PVX infection. Both light and temperature were found to have profound effects on PVX infection, with lower light and lower temperatures enhancing virus symptoms and gene silencing. The enhanced symptoms and silencing were associated with higher levels of viral RNA and GFP- specific siRNA. Thus siRNA accumulation and viral transcript accumulation has a positive correlation. The presence of high levels of siRNA under low temperature and low light also showed that the RNA silencing pathway is more active under these conditions. These findings suggest that RNA silencing has no role in the differential behavior of PVX in response to varying environmental conditions.