اسلام میں عورت کے حق طلاق کی حیثیت ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Of the several factors that justify the greatness of Islamic Culture and survived the test of time, one is the pride of place ascribed to woman in human society. Since the dawn of Islamic civilization, woman has been respected and cored and her rights have been protected and, thus, womanfolk has been made a purposeful existence. However, Islam, being a religion of nature, does not bring woman on the line of equality with man as the Islam is the religion of justice; not that of equality. The Holy Quran has very apparently determined the rights and duties of man and woman and these all are based on natural facts and laws as well. In the contemporary times, progressive as well as west-inspired circles of our society have put numerous objections on the issue of divorce. They opine that by giving man right to divorce, woman has been deprived of equal status; hence this one-sided right has not only disturbed the family life, but put woman at an interior place. This point of view does not testify to the very facts of Islamic practices in connection with the institution of divorce. In order to understand the historical background of the institution of divorce, laws and practices in vogue in two major religions of the world-Judaism and Christianity, are discussed in a brief manner. Besides, various reforms, from time and again, introduced in divorce in west are also touched upon in nutshell. However, major portion of this article focuses on Islamic teachings regarding divorce and its implications. Therefore, this research article attempts to highlight the various aspects of divorce in the light of Islamicteachings in a comprehensive manner so as to remove the doubts of so-called west-oriented circles of our society.

Innovation Management in University Libraries of Pakistan: An Analysis of Academic Library Leaders Perceptions

Growing competition in higher education and Information communication technologies is posing a pressure on universities and resultantly on their libraries as well. Academic libraries need to be innovative for meeting the new vision mission of higher education. Hence, innovation management in the university libraries is the need of the hour. However, there is a lack of research-based studies on innovation management in Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the scenario of innovation management in university libraries of Pakistan. In particular, it seeks to investigate the importance, characteristics of innovation, current management practices, the barriers, and supporting factors that stimulate innovation. The study would also be useful for other developing countries of Asia because some other countries of Asian region have same type of social, economic and cultural infrastructure. This study adopted sequential mixed methods research design based on quantitative data collection, followed by qualitative data collection. In the first phase, websites of all 183 universities were examined using list of 40 innovations prepared by the Jantz (2013). The purpose of websites review was twofold: firstly to examine the status of adoption of innovations, and secondly, to draw sample cases for further investigation. The libraries possessing at least three similar innovation as listed by Jantz (2013) was ranked innovative and libraries with two or less were ranked traditional libraries. Twenty university libraries: ten traditional, and ten more innovative than those were selected purposively. The selected libraries were observed for innovation in the physical environment. Head librarians of selected libraries were interviewed to learn about their views on innovation management in their libraries. v The results of the website review indicated that 143 out of 183 university libraries did not possess any innovation as listed in Jantz (2013). Only 16% of the university libraries managed some listed innovations. The libraries categorized innovative possessed a better physical environment than the traditional category libraries.The results of semi- structured interviews of library leaders demonstrated that the respondents from both categories of libraries considered innovation as most important and defined the characteristics of innovation as close to the ones mentioned in the literature. The study found that the management styles of both types of library leader were represented as ‗collaborative‘, ‗consultative‘ and ‗democratic‘. However, the leaders of the innovative category library implemented formal strategies to manage innovations. This was missing in the traditional libraries. A range of successful projects (3-14) were found in the innovative libraries and traditional library leaders exhibited a minimal number (1-2) of such projects. According to the library leaders, budget shortage, a lack of staff, a lack of training, skills/knowledge, shortage of space, resistance to change, lack of leadership qualities, lack of incentive/reward/recognition, fear of failure, vision of higher authorities, non supportive attitude, and the unavailability of a library culture in the society were the barriers in adopting innovations. An overwhelming majority of the respondents ranked technology as a major force. Positive qualities of the leaders like vision and affective planning, competent and knowledgeable staff members, incentives rewards, appreciation, trainings, seminars and socialization with professionals, professional organizations, demands of users, higher authorities including vice chancellors, the Higher Education Commission, library and information science schools etc. were considered as supportive factors in bringing innovations. vi The study found that professionals can help scholars and researchers to learn the use of databases, and research software. However, there was no formal practice to facilitate the scholarly communication i.e., conversion of print journals to the electronic format with the cooperation of editors of research journals and preserving, archiving and managing the research output of the organization.Users group of libraries were found to be the same as in the past like students of all levels, faculty, researcher scholars and staff. No new group, like editors of research journals were involved with the library professional to digitalize the research contents into digital format. At the end of study, all library leaders were found optimistic for the future of university libraries by adopting the useful innovations.