Summary Biomedical devices are indispensable for modern health care and therapeutic industry which revolutionized the treatment strategies and outcomes. Biomedical indwelling devices are prone to the contamination and colonization of endogenous or exogenous microbes. The consequences of this colonization are severe including failure of indwelling devices, treatment failure, burden to the healthcare facility, prolonged and extensive treatment and sometime death of the patient. Staphylococcus aureus is ubiquitous pathogen that harbors battery of enzymes, toxins, adhesion proteins and variety of pathogenic strategy. It is responsible for minor skin infection to life threatening infection and capable of causing disease in hospitals and community. Biofilm formation potential is another pathogenic strategy of Staphylococcus aureus which helps it to colonize on biomedical devices and results in worse consequences for patient and healthcare industry. This study was conducted on 6,424 biomedical indwelling devices which were supposed to be contaminated or infected by endogenous or exogenous pathogens. Of these biomedical devices, 4.420 (69%) were colonized by bacterial of fungal pathogens. Escherichia coli was most common pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS), Klebsiella pneumoniea, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species and Candida species. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated form 626 biomedical indwelling devices which were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and biofilm formation studies. Standard microbiological and molecular methods were used for identification and confirmation of pathogens involved in biomedical device related infections. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. These 626 strains of MRSA subjected to SCCmec tying, agr characterization and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 16S rRNA sequences of 16 selected strains of MRSA. ZS35C (MG757682), ZS39H (MG757684), ZS41C (MG757686) and ZS43C (MG757688) were subjected to internalization by osteoblasts to understand the role of bbp and cna genes in development of osteomyelitis. Of 4,420 infected biomedical devices, 28.1% (1242/4420) were urinary catheters followed by 19.9% (882/4420) central venous catheters (CVC), 16.6% (736/4420) orthopedic implants, 12.2% (539/4420) Ventriculo-peritoneal/Ventriculoatrial (VP/VA), 12% (531/4420) endotracheal tube (ETT), 11% (490/4420) peritoneal dialysis catheters (PD). Of 626 isolates of MRSA, 23% (203/882) were isolated from CVC, 14% (69/490) PD, 7% Summary _________________________________________________________________________ xi (37/531) ETT, 30% (221/736) orthopedic implants, 5% (62/1242) urinary catheters and 6% (34/539) were isolated from VP/VA shunts. MRSA was isolated from 14% (626/4420) of infected biomedical devices and catheters. MRSA was confirmed by cefoxitin disc method and amplification of mecA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all MRSA isolated from biomedical devices were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. Of 626 MRSA, 79% were resistant to amikacin, 92% gentamycin, 96% tobramycin, 87% azithromycin, 46% doxycycline, 96% ciprofloxacin, 94% ofloxacin, 85% trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 72% clindamycin and 25% chloramphenicol. A correlation was established between community acquired MRSA (CAMRSA) and hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) for antibiotic resistance profile and no significant difference (p>0.05) between these two types of MRSA was observed. All strains of MRSA were subjected to SCCmec typing and 20% were found belonging to SCCmec II, 17% SCCmec III, 33% SCCmec IV, and 8% SCCmec V, respectively. None of the isolates of MRSA belonged to SCCmec I and 22% were not classified by this method. All strains typed by SCCmec were moderate biofilm producer except 20% of SCCmec IV which were strong biofilm producers. SCCmec typed strains were subjected to agr characterization and found 52% belonged to agr I, 12% agr II, 8% agr III and 14% agr IV. MRSA belonged to agr II were strong biofilm producers, all others were moderate biofilm producers. These characterized strains were subjected to RFLP and sixteen unique DNA band patterns were obtained after gel analysis. Sixteen strains were selected, one from each RFLP group for 16S rRNA ribotyping and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Adhesion genes were detected in 48 selected strain of MRSA and found 65% harbored clfA, 100% clfB, 85% fnbA, 60% fnbB, 83% eno, 92% fib, 60% cna, 60% sdrD, 69% sdrE, 93% icaA and 77% harbored icaD. High prevalence of adhesion genes showed these are indispensable for biofilm formation but participation of single gene couldn’t be determined accurately. SCCmec typing, agr characterization and adhesion genes detection was also conducted on 221 strains of MRSA isolated from bone and orthopedic implant related infections. Four strains were selected for adhesion and internalization by osteoblast, which is crucial for pathogenesis of osteomyelitis by MRSA. This study revealed ZS35C was internalized rapidly because it harbored bbp and cna genes which facilitated osteomyelitis. ZS41C was internalized at lower rate because it only contained bbp. Association of ZS43C to osteoblasts suggested that cna gene have role association of MRSA to osteoblast. Expression studies showed that bbp and cna were upregulated during internalization; bbp is complimentary for internalization and cna promoted association. Summary _________________________________________________________________________ xii Thymoquinone is biologically active component of Nigella sativa and showed excellent inhibitory effect against planktonic and biofilm form of MRSA, not only free living but established biofilm of MRSA was also eradicated by thymoquinone. This study concluded that CA-MRSA is emerging pathogen for biomedical device related infection. CA-MRSA is rapidly gaining resistance towards available antibiotic and will impose major threat to healthcare industry. There is no significant difference between CAMRSA and HA-MRSA regarding antibiotic resistance profile and adhesion genes frequency. This study also concluded that there is no significant relationship between antibiotic resistance profile, biofilm formation and adhesion genes in MRSA isolated from biomedical device related infections. For osteomyelitis bbp has major role and cna supports the development of osteomyelitis by MRSA. This investigation will help to understand the molecular pathogenesis of osteomyelitis and support us to manage the biomedical related infections especially orthopedic implant related infections. Thymoquinone is an active component of Nigella sativa and showed excellent antibacterial activity against planktonic and biofilm form of MRSA. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of TQ was enhanced when used with antibiotics.
حکیم محمد سعید دہلوی آف ہمدرد دواخانہ پاکستان کی شہادت کس قدر ظالم ہاتھ تھے اور کس قدر درندہ صفت دل کا وہ انسان نہیں حیوان رہا ہوگا جس نے فرشتہ صفت ہستی، غریب انسانوں کامسیحا، ملک وملت کاخیرخواہ ،پوری انسانیت کی فلاح وبہبود گی چاہنے والا،شرافت کاپیکر مجسم، حکیم محمدسعید دہلوی پر گولیاں چلا کر آن کی آن میں ان کو شہید کردیا۔اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ جیسے ہی یہ خبر عوام الناس تک پہنچی کہ کراچی پاکستان میں ہمدرد دواخانہ کے مطب سے فراغت کے بعد جب حکیم محمد سعید دہلوی اپنی کار میں بیٹھنے لگے تو کچھ نامعلوم درندوں نے ان پر اندھا دھند گولیاں چلانی شروع کردیں جس سے وہ ان کاڈرائیور اورتین ان کے ہمراہ اصحاب موقع پر جاں بحق ہوگئے ۔غم وصدمہ میں ڈوب گئے۔ اوران سب کے منہ سے ایک چیخ نکل پڑی کہ ہائیں یہ کیا ہوگیا، کیاشرافت وانسانیت کابھی قتل ہونا شروع ہوگیا ہے۔ حکیم محمدسعید دہلوی شرافت انسانیت کی جیتی جاگتی تصویر تھے، وہ بڑے وضعدار انسان تھے انہوں نے دوسروں کے آرام کے لیے اپناآرام چھوڑدیا تھا۔ان کامقصدِحیات صرف اور صرف بنی نوع آدم کی خدمت کرناتھا اٹھتے بیٹھتے سوتے جاگتے وہ انسانیت کی فلاح وبہبودگی کے کاموں ہی میں اپنے کولگائے ہوئے تھے۔ تقسیم سے پہلے وہ اوران کے برادر معظم ملک وملت کی نادررِ روزگار ہستی حکیم عبدالحمید دہلوی حفظہ اﷲ تعالیٰ متحدہ ہندوستان میں اپنے عظیم الشان کارناموں کی بدولت مشعل راہ تھے۔ مجھے ان کی وہ صحبتیں یادہیں جب قبلہ ابّا جان حضرت مفکر ملّت مفتی عتیق الرحمان عثمانیؒ اوران کے مخصوص احباب حضرت قاضی سجاد حسینؒ مولانا سعیداحمداکبرآبادی،مجاہد ملّت حضرت مولانا حفظ الرحمن وغیرہم کی قربت میں حکیم عبدالحمید صاحب دہلوی اوران کے برادرِ خوردحکیم محمدسعید دہلوی بڑے سے بڑے مسائل پرتبادلۂ خیال کرکے ان کے حل وتدارک کے لیے مستعد عمل...
In 20’ century, everywhere in the world there is Muslim majority playing importa nt role in world, because it was over served and counted that every fifth man is Muslim. It is also a challenges for non-Muslim who are master of worldtche European land is the land of modernization, there are about in million Muslims. In America there are also over a thousand marques and Islamic organizations. Islam is creating Islamic world in central Asia. After disintegration n of USSR iii DS state such as Kaz, akhstan, Kyrg yzstan, Uzf›ekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. In fact Islam ii iR second religion most predominate religion after catholic. In Britain ñfuifims are demanding Islamic education. The sfnmic society strength the powerful secufarism in capitalist’s work and trended society as modern. The Muslims are model of world they base on Eurocentric social, politest, economic and cultural premises, progress, modernizing, traditions, secularities, liberalism, humanity and freedom. The Islamic political and social society stand in 7" century, the y believe iii God and red Quran, Islam separated religion from politics and brought peace for all as secular. Muslim are present and living according the teaching of Islam and playing important role in international world politics or international relations. Furthermore, the wars, nationalism, nation, states and human rights in all Islam impact is very much concert The politics, economic, social concern as religion n terminology y or image, more ever universal issues such as social justice, local legitimating and defending the home land are lies on the Islamic politics. The interest in religion and culture are the important factors in international relations.
Nanoliquids strengthen low thermal conductivity of materials. Nanoliquid consists of nano-material (1 − 100 nm) and base-liquid. Nanoliquids are regarded functional in engineering, electronic process and many other fields. Nanoparticles include CNTs (MWCNT, SWCNT), oxides and carbides ceramics and semiconductors. These nanoparticles are submerged in an ordinary fluid to make them nanofluids. Non-Newtonian fluids like Oldroyd-B, Powell Eyring, Williamson are regarded helpful in physiological phenomena, pharmaceutical process, paper production and metallurgy. That is why Oldroyd-B, Powell Eyring and Williamson fluids are adopted in this thesis for modeling and analysis of flows in boundary layer region. The boundary-layer flows due to stretching surface have wide range of applications in industries and engineering. Further it is also taken into account that heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions in liquid flow have vital role following combustion, biochemical processes, catalysis and in many other fields. Keeping all these aspects in mind the prime objective of this thesis is to study nonlinear mathematical models subject to homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter 1 contains literature survey and some basic conservation laws. Mathematical model and boundary-layer expressions for Oldroyd-B, second grade, Powell Eyring and Williamson fluids are incorporated. Five different techniques are used to deal with the flow problems. Thus basic concepts homotopy analysis method (HAM), Bvp4c matlab solver, Optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM), shooting technique and Keller box method are provided. Chapter 2 addresses the impact of diffusion species in flow of CNTs nanofluid saturating porous medium. Melting heat transfer is present. Auto catalyst and reactant have same diffusion coefficients. Flow induced by stretched cylinder. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is adopted for solutions procedure. The outcomes for CNTs flow are disclosed. This chapter contents is reported in Journal of Molecular Liquids 221 (2016) 1121 − 1127. Chapter 3 deals diffusion species via CNTs with convective conditions. Flow generated is because of stretching cylinder. OHAM is adopted for outcomes. Graphical outcomes are discussed via variables for flow. The outcomes are reported in Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 70 (2017) 119 − 126. Chapter 4 reports computational aspects for Forhheimer flow of CNTs nanofluids with diffusion species. In this chapter thermal conductivity of CNTs nanofluid is compared via renovated Hamilton-Crosser (H-C) and Xue models for flows by stretching cylinder and flat sheet. The results are obtained via Keller box method. The findings of this chapter are submitted in Physica E for possible publication. Chapter 5 examines stagnation flow of carbon water and carbon kerosene oil nanofluids via nonlinear stretched surface. CNTs nanofluids fill the porous medium. Homogeneousheterogeneous reactions and melting effects are considered. Outcomes are obtained via (OHAM). Heat transferred is addressed via different variables involved in solutions expressions. The contents of this chapter are published in Advanced Powder Technology 27 (2017) 1677 − 1688. Chapter 6 presents 3D nanoliquid flow by stretched (nonlinear) sheet with diffusion species. Nanoliquid is saturated via porous space. Convective condition and heat source/sink are used for heat mechanism. The numerical outcomes are analyzed via shooting approach. Graphical illustrations and tabulated values are disclosed. The main findings of this chapter can be seen through Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 329 (2018) 40 – 54. Chapter 7 describes three-dimensional (3D) nanoliquid flow via slendering stretching (nonlinear) sheet with slip effects. bvp4c technique is used for numerical outcomes. Tabulated and graphical findings are explored via sundry variables. These contents are published in Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 319 (2017) 366 − 378. Chapter 8 discloses flow of MHD non-Newtonian liquid via Newtonian heating and diffusion species. Results are developed via HAM. Numerical results of skin friction and Nusselt number are disclosed. The findings of current chapter are published in PloS one 11 (6) e0156955 (2016). Chapter 9 describes flow of MHD viscoelastic fluid with species. Flow is due to stretched cylinder. Viscous dissipation, Newtonian heating and Joule heating are also accounted. The results are constructed via HAM. Characteristics of different variables are elaborated graphically. The outcomes of this chapter are published in Journal of Mechanics 33 (2017) 77 − 86. Chapter 10 includes species influence in flow of second grade material. Melting heat contribution is inspected. Inclined magnetic line is used to electrified the liquid. Numerical results are addressed via heat transfer and skin friction. The contents are addressed in Journal of Molecular Liquids 215 (2016) 749 − 755. Chapter 11 investigates homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in thermally stratified stagnation flow of viscoelastic liquid with mixed convection. Flow is by a stretched sheet. Influences of various variables on quantities of interest are discussed. The findings of this chapter are published in Results in Physics 6 (2017) 1161 − 1167. Chapter 12 addresses convective flow of Williamson fluid by cylinder and flat sheet. Convective condition is used for heat transfer mechanism. The species of auto-catalyst and reactant are used to regulate the concentration. Convection or evaporation for temperature phase change is analyzed through homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions. The transformed ordinary differential equations are dealt numerically via Keller box method.Impacts of pertinent parameters of interest are graphically discussed. Comparison of results for cylinder and flat sheet is arranged. The contents of this chapter are submitted for possible publication in International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.