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Home > Prevalence of Trichomonas Gallinae in Some Avi-Fauna of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Prevalence of Trichomonas Gallinae in Some Avi-Fauna of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Hassan Ali Farooq

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Zoology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12520/1/Hassan%20Ali%20Farooq_Zoology_2019_UAF.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727008992

Similar


Of the two studied birds, blue rock pigeon (Columba livia domestica) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis), are largely considered a native species throughout the cultivations, barns, farmyards and the coastal habitats in Asia. They also indicated close association with man. The present study focused on their roost characteristics and the incidence of trichomonosis in the eight selected sub-habitats in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Considering the tree composition of the dominant and codominant trees in the differential study sites indicated three DBH (diameter at breast height) categories, average tree height and total depressions. The University Campus comprising sufficiently large number of trees of different categories, adding to the lush green landscapes was highest (487; 14.7%) on the main campus and student residence roads similarly, highest tree depressions of the sampled trees (2870; 12.5%) were also recorded. The situation in the other two sub-habitats, Gatwala Forest Plantations and Postgraduate Agricultura Research Station also, harboured with the highest proportions of trees of all the three (DBH) categories (294; 8.9%), comprising (1869; 6.3%) tree depressions and also (537; 16.27%) number of tree and tree hollows (2820; 5.26%) respectively the remaining five study sites viz. Aminpur canal rest house, Satiana canal rest house, Tarkhani bunglow, Burala bunglow and Monngi bunglow also possessed a differential number of trees with varying numbers of trees of the three DBH categories and different tree depressions. Significantly, all such sub-habitats were about 12.5 acres and have been constructed before the partition of the sub-continent. Small crops of agricultural importance to suffice the residing small populations here. The roost characteristics such as exit and return, call notes and the intra and inter specific competitions were also studied at the present study sites. All of them exhibited varying numerical values, but the morning hours indicated outburst exist during the summer and winter seasons, perhaps to enable the two birds (pigeon and myna) to suffice their feeding requirements following the previous nights, hiatus. Avian trichomonosis appeared to be an archetypal infection among the wild columbids and some other birds. Interestingly, it is also reported from the passerines like chaffinches and greenfinches of Europe. Outbreaks among the house finches, goldfinches and also purple finches are recoded in South American habitats. Evidently, of a total (168) samples of the common myna which were procured from different study sites, 32 were found infected with the parasite Trichomonas gallinae indicating a percentage of (20%), while from the in 204 samples of the rock dove, 51 comprised the infectious parasite with a percentage of (25%). For the present study incidence of trichomonosis remain evident with respect to the three sub-genotypes (C4, 59%; A1, 23% and C8, 18%) from the various sub-habitats of Faisalabad District, Pakistan. Furthermore, the subgenotype type (C) parasites occurred in mynas, considered analogous to the pandemic finch strain, the sub-genotype (A), but it remains the first known recognized incidence among in the passerine with this parasite genotype. The sup-type analyses of the common myna indicated that (C4) is prevalent in distribution worldwide. Moreover, gender of both the birds appeared to indicate its certain role regarding the parasitic epidemic in the existing study sites. For the common myna, the males were (28%) and the females were about (12%), while in the rock dove, females indicated (27%) and the males of (18%) in terms of infection. Similarly, analysis of the bird baths (small water channels) and the bird seeds also confirmed occurrence of Trichomonas gallinae type (C) of about (12.5%) of the total tested samples. Finally, haematological analysis of the samples evinced lowered body weights and anaemia is possible due to lesion formation and the resulting internal bleeding in the upper respiratory tract. Drug susceptibility studies (in vitro) suggested C4 in the mynas proved more resistant than the similar strain in the pigeons. Moreover, among the pigeons (C8) proved more resistant to the different drug concentrations of metronidazole, dimetridazole, ornidazole and ronidazole. Multi-locus sequence typing remains an alternating tool to answer the complex phylogenetic association and drug resistance related to same subtype.
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الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة

الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة
المبحث الأول: مولدها ونشأتها
نازك صادق الملائکۃ شاعرۃ من العراق، ولدت في بغداد عام 1923، في بیئة علمیۃٍ وثقافیۃ، ونشأت في بیتِ علم و أدب، في رعایۃ أمھا الشاعرۃ سلمی عبدالرازق(أُم نزار الملاءۃ) وأبیھا الأدیب الباحث صادق الملائکۃ. ولدت في بغداد في(23) من شھر آب وکانت کبری أخواتھا۔ ثم درست الکثیر عن النحو العربي۔ ولقبت في البیت ب(الشاعرۃ) قبل أن تفھم معنی ھذہ الکلمۃ۔
وتتحدث نازك عن أمھا وأبیھا وتقول ’’کانت والدتي تنظم الشعر وتنشرہ في المجلاتِ والصحف العراقیۃ بإسم السیدۃ، وأبوھا کان ینظم الشعر، ولہ قصائد کثیرۃ، وکان أبوھا مدرس النحو في الثانویات العراقیۃ ، وکان شاعراً کبیراً أيضاً، وأیضاً أمھا کانت شاعرۃ معروفۃ أصدرت دیوان شعر في الثلاثینیات، اسمہ (أنشودۃ المجد) ووقعتہ بکنیتھا (أم نزار الملائکۃ)، كما کان خالاھا، جمیل وعبد الصاحب الملائکۃ، من الشعراء المعروفین أیضاً، وعرف عن شقیقھا الوحید، نزار الملائکۃ، المقیم في لندن بأنہ شاعر أیضاً . یتضح من ذلک أن الشاعرۃ نشأت في بیت علمٍ وأدبٍ۔
نشأتها
نشأت الشاعرۃ العراقیۃ في بيئة أدبیۃ، کان لھا تأثیر کبیر في نزوعھا نحو الشعر، ووالدھا صادق جعفر الملائکۃ کان رجلاً عملیاً وکان یُدَرِّس اللغۃ العربیۃ في المدارس الثانویۃ، وعندما بلغت نازک الملائکۃ الخامسۃ من عمرھا، فکر أبویھا علی أن یدخلاھا المدرسۃ، فاختارا لھا (الروضۃ التابعۃ للإبتدائیۃ المرکزیۃ في العاقولیۃ)، وتربت وترعرعت الشاعرۃ في بیتِ علمٍ وأدبٍ وثقافۃ من حیث الوالد والوالدۃ والأقرباء۔

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Exploring Grade Ten Students’ Conceptual Understanding and Alternative Conceptions About Photosynthesis: Comparisons Across School System and Gender

Photosynthesis is an important yet a complex concept of school biology. Literature has identified numerous alternative conceptions of students about this aspect of Biology. Keeping in mind the importance of this aspect of life sciences this study aimed to examine grade 10 students’ conceptual understanding and alternative conceptions about photosynthesis with a view to compare it across school system and gender in the city of Gilgit. The study employed cross sectional survey design. A 20-item Conceptual Understanding about Photosynthesis (CUP) test was adopted for the study. The test encompassed six major aspects of photosynthesis (i.e. physiology, energy, biochemical, autotrophy, photosynthesis and respiration, ecology). CUP test was directly administered to randomly selected 204 grade 10 students from public (n =101) and private (n =103) schools of Gilgit. The selected sample represented male (n =102) and female (n = 102) students. Results of the study revealed that students’ overall conceptual understanding about photosynthesis was 53% of the total score (20). However, students’ performance in three aspects of photosynthesis (i.e. ecology, autotrophy, biochemical reaction) was higher than the overall score. Conversely, the students found rest of the three aspects (i.e. energy, photosynthesis and respiration, and physiology) relatively difficult. Furthermore, students from private schools outperformed their counterparts in public schools in overall conceptual understanding about photosynthesis (p<0.001) as well as in the aspects of biochemical (p<0.001), photosynthesis and respiration (p<0.001), and ecology (p<0.001). Moreover, score favored male students in the two aspects including energy (p<0.05) as well as photosynthesis and respiration (p<0.01). Results of the study would have implications for practice, policy and further research.