A total six thousands five hundred and seventy three (6573) indigenous pulmonary and extra- pulmonary specimens were collected from tuberculosis suspicious patients of 17-67 years age group during November, 2004 to December, 200. The sputum, pus and bronchial washings were collected from five different sources, labeled and processed for initial screening. One hundred and seventy two (172) 2.616% of total (6573) tuberculosis diagnosed (AFB positive) patients were selected from six different sources. The patients were selected, regardless of their age, gender and previous therapeutic profile. The specimen comprised of 85% sputum, 10.5% puss and 4.5% bronchial washing. We considered 29.% female and 71% males with 84.% pulmonary (sputum, bronchial washing & puss) and 16% extra-pulmonary (puss & bronchial washing) specimens. Sixty six (66) resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were further studied to determine the highest level of resistance (in % age) . The clinical isolates were collected from cultured growth on Lowenstein Jensen media supplemented with antitubercular drugs at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level. The parameters of study were the pattern of sensitivity/ resistance of mycobacterial TB against rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, overall pattern of resistance, resistance percentages with respect of number of colonies, overall trend of resistance during Jan. - Dec. 2005, resistance pattern in percentage against five different levels (μg/ml) above their respective critical concentrations, therapeutical interpretation of drugs to evaluate the pharmacological credibility and molecular study of Pnc A gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis responsible of resistance against pyrazinamide. The data obtained from this study showed 37 (21.5%) strains resistant and 135 (78.5%) strains sensitive to rifampicin, 25 (14.5%) strains resistant and 147 (85.5%) strains were sensitive to isoniazid, 10 (5.8%) resistant and 162 (94.2%) strains founded sensitive to Ethambutol, 47 (27.3%) resistant and 125 (72.7%) strains were founded sensitive to Pyrazinamide of total 172 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis noted on basis of growth pattern (number of colonies) over the mycobacterial specific Lowenstein Jensen medium. Overall mono-resistance pattern was observed as 25.71% resistant to rifampicin, 8.57% resistant to isoniazid, 2.85% resistant to ethambutol and 62.85% resistant to pyrazinamide out of 20.34% mono-resistant isolates of total 172 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Poly resistance profile obtained was as 19.35% Mycobacterium TB strains resistant to rifampicin & isoniazid, 22.58% resistant to isoniazid & pyrazinamide, 3.22% resistant to ethambutol & pyrazinamide, 6.45% resistant to isoniazid & pyrazinamide, 22.58% resistant to rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, 3.22% resistant to rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide and 22.58% resistant to all of the four 1st line drugs. The resistant Mycobacterium TB having an ultimate highest level of resistance against the first line antitubercular drugs. Which were interpreted therapeutically to study the pharmacological suitability of dosage and regimen. It was observed that no any rifampicin strain inhibited at 1st and 2nd drug levels. 40.54% resistant Mycobacterium -TB strains inhibited at 3rd rifampicin level of 120ug/ml. Practically it is not feasible to maintain a plasma concentration higher than therapeutic range of 6.5±3.5ug/ml (Joel et al., 2001). It was observed that no any isoniazid strain inhibited at 1st, 2nd and 3rd drug levels. There 28% resistant Mycobacterium-TB strains inhibited at 4th isoniazid level 9ug/ml. Maximally plasma concentration that can be maintained in body is - 4ug/ml (Richard et al., 2006), therefore it can not be used in actual practice. It was observed that no any ethambutol strain inhibited at 1stand 2nd drug levels 2ug/ml and 4ug/ml. 50% resistant Mycobacterium TB strains inhibited at 3rd level of 6ug/ml. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) that can be maintained in tuberculosis patient during treatment protocol are described by other researchers as 3-5ug/ml (Bertram G. Katzung, 2004), 2-5ug/ml (Leon et al., 2004) and 4- 6ug/ml (Richard et al., 2006). It was observed that no any pyrazinamide resistant strain inhibited at 1st and 2nd drug levels100ug/ml and 200ug/ml. 27.66% pyrazinamide resistant Mycobacterium TB strains were inhibited at 3rd pyrazinamide level of 300ug/ml. The maximum plasma concentration than can be maintained in human body reported by different researchers are 9- 12ug/ml (Joel et al, 2001), 19ug/ml (Leon et al., 2004), 30-50ug/ml (Bertram, 2004), 37-40ug/ml (Richard et al., 2006). The genomic DNA of pyrazinamide resistant Mycobacterium TB extracted by mechanical method and examined on gel. PCR for Mycobacterium TB is specific for Mycobacterium TB complex DNA. By using the SSCP (Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism), we were able to show most divers pattern. The resistant 17.44% showed different pattern than sensitive samples. Which indicate the mutation in this domain, while 9.88% did not show any difference in mobility in comparison to sensitive samples.
پروفیسر آرنلڈ پچھلے مہینے کی علمی سوانح میں دو فاضلوں کی وفات کا سانحہ خاص طور سے اہم ہے، ان میں سے ایک مغرب نژاد اور دوسرا مشرقی تھا، پہلے کو ہندوستان اور ہندوستان کے مسلمان پروفیسر آرنلڈ کے نام سے جانتے ہیں، یہ فلسفہ کے عالم ہونے کے ساتھ عربی اور اسلامیات کے بھی ماہر تھے، یہ ہندوستان آکر پہلے اسلامیہ کالج لاہور میں فلسفہ کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے، اور پھر بعد کو محمڈن کالج علی گڑھ میں پروفیسر ہوکر آئے اور یہیں ان کی شہرت کا ستارہ چمکا، ان کی خاص خصوصیت علم کے ساتھ ان کا حسن اخلاق تھا، وہ مشرقی علماء کے ساتھ ہمیشہ گھل مل کر رہتے، اور لاہور ہو یا علی گڑھ ہر جگہ انھوں نے اپنے رفیق علماء سے کچھ سیکھا اور ان کو کچھ سکھایا، اور خصوصیت کے ساتھ لاہور میں قاضی ظفرالدین صاحب مرحوم اور علی گڑھ میں مولانا شبلی نعمانی مرحوم کے ساتھ ان کے دوستانہ اور علمی تعلقات رہے، اور ان واقعات کا نتیجہ لاہور میں ان کی تالیف السواء السبیل فی معرفۃ العرب والدخیل اور علی گڑھ میں ان کی مشہور تصنیف دعوت اسلام ہے۔ مولانا شبلی مرحوم اور ان میں تعلقات ٹھیک استاد اور شاگرد کے تھے، مگر یہ فیصلہ مشکل ہے کہ ان میں استاد کون اور شاگرد کون تھا، مولانا نے ان سے کچھ فرنچ سیکھی تھی، اور انھوں نے ان سے عربی ، مولانا مرحوم کے سفرترکی میں سمرناتک وہی رفیقِ سفر تھے، مولانا نے اپنے سفرنامہ میں اس کا حال لکھا ہے، سفر روم والے فارسی قصیدہ میں لکھتے ہیں، آرنلڈ آنکہ رفیق است وہم استاد مرا استاد کے استاد سے ۱۹۲۰ء میں لندن میں میری ملاقات ہوئی تھی، وہ اس وقت انڈیا آفس سے متعلق تھے، مولانا مرحوم کے تعلق کے سبب سے مجھ سے بڑی محبت سے پیش...
If you have a relationship with the past, a sustainable plan can be done for future. Islamic personalities, especially the introduction of the scholars, intensify the path of progress in the field of scientific and research as well as the continuous hard work in the practical world. Similarly, when introduction of the people with historical roles have reached to the next generation, it is easy to define pathways and take lessons from the opponents to work hard for them. Introducing individuals with a specific region is worth a king's ransom investment for all its geographically entrusted and external roles and a leading rule for a new generation of races. In the underlying article, efforts are being made to present brief introduction of the scholars of the District Haripur who have written in various sciences and fictions, so that people of this region can know that this area also remained the base of Islamic scholars. Due to this article, depicting the introduction of the scholars of different school of thoughts will undermine an enormous and sectarian ideology, and the strength of tolerance and brotherhood will be strengthened.
Title: “A survey to find out competencies for teaching biology at secondary level in Punjab” Pages: 165 Researcher: Zakia Khatoon Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Tayyab Alam Bukhari Co-supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Maqsood Alam Bukhari University: Foundation University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences(Islamabad) Year: 2012 Level: PhD. Biology teachers occupy an important position in the entire spectrum of education.We can equip our future generation with the latest techniques of problem solving, by investigating biology teachers’ competencies in the teaching of biology at secondary school level. It is at secondary school level, that students shift their reading abilities of narrative texts, to complex expository material. This study was based on biology teachers’ competencies in preparing biology students to enable them to face challenges of the 21st century. This study was aimed to investigate the required teaching competencies for biology teachers. This study also aimed to find out the existing level of teaching competencies ofbiology teachers through teachers’ perception. The objectives of the study were to determine gaps between existing and required competencies of biology teachers, and recommend remedial steps to fill these gaps. Population of this study comprised of all the teachers teaching biology in F.G. Secondary Schools in Punjab. The sample of the study consisted of all science teachers teaching biology, in fifty percent randomly selected F.G. Secondary Schools in Punjab. Stratified sampling technique was used for sample selection. A questionnaire for biology teachers was prepared. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The instrument was also revised in the light of feedback received from pilot testing. Data was collected through the questionnaire by personal visits and personal contacts. Data collected through questionnaires were analyzed with the help of mean, percentage, and chi-square. Major findings of the study indicated that most of the teachers were well qualified academically and professionally. They were aware of specific teaching skills and innovative student-centered teaching methodology, and its importance for producing creative thinking and problem solving abilities in students, but they were not implementing these teaching skills and methodologies in the classroom. Majority of the teachers were not fully aware how to use Computer and Internet. They were not competent in using problem solving method, and innovative teaching methods in the classroom. Major implications of the study were to prepare competentbiology teachers by enhancing their specific teaching skills, for producing creative thinking and problem solving abilities in science students and to prepare the coming generation to meet the challenges of the future.