Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has not been well established. The aim of this study was to define prospectively non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in hospitalized and ambulatory patients 20-65 years old during June 2013 to June 2014 were selected from Combined Military Hospital Peshawar Cantonment area. A base line questionnaire and right upper quadrant ultrasound was completed by all patients. On identifications of fatty liver among the selected cases further lab test data and liver biopsy reports were obtained. Mean BMI of female was 29.9 ± 5.65 while prevalence of hypertension and diabetes were 49.8% and 16.6% respectively. Among all patients 62% were Punjabis, 23% were Pathans while 12% were Sindhies.Overall NAFLD prevalence was 47% while NASH was confirmed in 20 patients (12.3% of total and 30%of ultrasound positive patients). Pathans had the highest prevalence of NAFLD (58.5%) as compared to Punjabi’s (44.5%) and Sindhies (35.3%). Pathans also had a higher prevalence of NASH compared with Punjabies (19.5% VS 10%: p-value= .03).In general NAFLD patients were more prevalent among male (59%), Diabetic (p-value <0.00005), hypertensive (p-value< 0.00005) and older (p-value< 0.005). They consumed more fast food (p-value = 0.049) had a higher BMI (p-value<0.0005) and had little or no exercise as compared to their normal or non NAFLD counter parts (p-value= 0.02). NAFLD was found in 75% and NASH in 22.5% among the 26 diabetic patients. ALT, AST, BMI, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity checks index and cytokeratin – 18 correlated with NASH. It was concluded that NAFLD and NASH prevalence is higher than estimated previously, Pathans and Patients with diabetes are at high risk.In this part of the study, the effects of tablets Nigella Sativa on fatty liver disease in rats were determined. Fatty liver disease are increasing worldwide due to physical inactivity and increased fructose intake in processed foods. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella Sativa have been widely used in various countries of the world to promote health and cure disease. The study was conducted on 52 aged (16-18 months) male albino rats to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa tablets dietary supplementation on fatty liver disease. Rats were randomly divided in; Group-I (Control rats C) (n = 20) fed standard rat diet; Group-II (Fatty liver Group-F) (n=14) fed high fructose diet (diet having 60% fructose w/w) and Group-III (Fatty liver/ Nigella sativaGroup-F/NS) (n = 18) fed Group-F diet but mixed with crushed tablets (1.6 g/kg) in order to achieve Nigella sativa daily intake of 170mg/kg b.w. During this study rats were monitored for daily food intake and weekly body weight. The parameters including body weight final, BMI, liver weight, serum glucose,insulin, HOMA-R, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, vLDL-c, Adiponectin, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin were monitored after six weeks in the selected group of rats. The rats livers, brains and kidneys histopathological examination were also carried out.The Real-Time PCR(RT- PCR) of superoxide dismutase (Sod1, Sod2) and DNA glycosylase (Ogg1, MutY) were used for the detection ofenzymatic antioxidant defense system. The western blot anlysis of OGG1 expression was used for the detection of DNA repaire. Our results show that that there was a significant increase in visceral fat weight in Group-F compared to Group-C and a significant decrease in Group-F/NS compared to Group-F. Both Group-F and Group-F/NS had significant increase in glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA R, TC, LDL-c, vLDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin. While a significant decrease in serum adiponectin compared to Group-C. However, Group-F/NS showed significant decrease in serum glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA-R, TC, LDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin as well adiponectin increased significantly compared to Group-F. Histopathological examination in Group-F showed vascular congestion in the liver, kidneys, necrosis of renal tubular cells as well as focal cerebral hemorrhage while Group-F/NS showed almost normal histology. Gene expression of antioxidant defense mechanism: Sod1, Sod2, Ogg1 and MutY decreased significantly in the Group-F but reversed by the Nigella Sativa tablets co-administeration in Group-F/NS. Nigella sativa crushed tablets co-feeding with higher fructose diet showed significant decrease in serum level of glucose fasting, insulin, total cholesterol(TC), LDL-c, HOMA-R, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin and a significant increase in serum adiponectin in fatty liver disease in aged rats. TheNigella Sativa tablets role in attenuation of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in Group-F/NS may be mediated by up regulation of the antioxidant defense mechanism and oxidative DNA repair activity. The clinical benefits of the Nigella Sativa treatment in the shape of diminution of oxidative damage may explain its role in patients with fatty liver disease. In this part of our study the ad-on effects of tablets Nigella Sativa on different clinical and biochemical parameters in human were determined. Metabolic syndrome and its associated complications have been reported to be extensively increased worldwide. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella Sativa have been widely used globally to cure various disease and promote health since ancient times especially in the Southeast Asia and in the mejority of theMiddle East countries. A lot of work has been done already on this plant. Thisprospective clinical study was designed to evaluate the ad-on effect of tablets Nigella Sativa on different parameters in fatty liver disease. This clinical study was conducted in medicine departement of a tertiary health care facility theCombined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar cantonment from June 2013 to May 2014. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria and final diagnoses, 60 patients in this prospective study were enrolled. Upon approval from hospital ethical committee all the patients were properly consented in writing and were informed about study scope, Patients were equally distributed in two groups containing 30 each. In Group-1 (Control group) Patients were given Tab Metformine 500mg PO BD and Tab Rosuvastatine 10mg PO at night for a period of six weeks while in Group-II (Nigella Sativa treated group) in additions to standard treatment tablets Nigella sativa 600mg PO BD for a duration of six weeks were given. Theparameters including waist circumference, body weight, body mass index, lipid profile, Blood sugar fasting and post parandial, Liver functions test (LFT’s) and Ultrasound right upper quadrant were recorded before and upon treatment completion.The above mentioned methodology was followed and the study findings were : Fasting bloodsugar, low density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)and total cholesterol (TC)percentage improvements in Group-II were statistically significant (p-value<0.05). In both the groups serum Alanintransaminase (ALT) declined significantly, in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II the reduction was almost 2 fold (48% vs. 26.4%). On ultrsonography a statistically significant reversal of fatty liver was found only in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II (p-value<0.05). As an ad-on therapy tablets Nigella sativa was found effective in fatty liver disease. Nigella sativa tablets has shown significant results especially in diabetic and dyslipidemic patients.
شاہ فخر عالم بھاگلپوری دینی اور علمی حلقوں میں شاہ فخر عالم بھاگلپوری کی وفات کی خبر بڑے رنج و افسوس کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی، ان کے نامور بزرگ سید ظہیرالدین ۱۲۷۹ء میں دہلی آئے اور حضرت نظام الدین اولیاء کے حلقۂ ادارت میں داخل ہوئے، انھوں نے حضرت بہاء الدین زکریا ملتانیؒ کے پوتے مخدوم رکن الدین رکن عالمؒ سے بھی اکتساب فیض کیا، اس طرح اس خاندان میں چشتی اور سہروردی دونوں نسبتیں جمع ہوگئیں، بعد کو یہ خاندان دہلی سے بہار آگیا، اور حضرت سید علی محمد (ڈمڑیا بابا) نے بھاگلپور میں قیام فرمایا، اس وقت سے یہ لوگ یہیں آباد ہیں، اور ان کی خانقاہ ڈمریا بابا ان کے نام سے موسوم ہے، شاہ فخر عالم مرحوم اسی خانقاہ کے سجادہ نشین تھے، وہ دینی مشاغل کے ساتھ علمی مذاق بھی رکھتے تھے، ان کا کتب خانہ ان کے علمی ذوق کا شاہد ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ سے دعا ہے کہ وہ ان کو اپنی عنایتوں اور رحمتوں سے شاد کام کرے، اور ان کے جانشین سید شاہ شرف عالم ندوی کو اپنے بزرگوں کے نقشِ قدم پر چلنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔ (عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، جون ۱۹۷۶ء)
Man is curious. Today he is stepping forward to explore the world and space, but still he is trying to know the answer to the question that how he was made? Qur’an the last holy book of Allah, which provides complete guidance in every walk of life, can give better answer to this question. Besides this many theories were presented by the scientists called evolution theories. One of these theories is “Theory of natural selection” presented by Charles Darwin in 1859 A.D. This theory got a lot of reputation. Qur’anic teachings say that the first human being Hazrat Adam (علیہ السلام) was created by Allah as a complete Man. But this theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (means there was no Adam on earth as the Father of humanity, which is contrary to Islam). Darwin theory, a non-Islamic theory about the creation of humanity has a great impact over the various thinkers of subcontinent. This research article attempts to answer the questions that what are the Qur’anic teachings about the creation of humanity on earth? And what are the different evolution theories and their effects on the various thinkers of subcontinent?
The thesis examines the valuation dynamics of Pakistani Initial Public Offerings (IPOs): their practices, motivations and implications. This study examines the pre-IPO valuation dynamics and the post-IPO price performance paradigms using 88 IPOs floated from 2000 to 2016 on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The main objectives of this study includes: (1) to provide insights of preferred valuation methods when valuing IPOs, (2) to compare the bias and accuracy attached to each valuation methods, (3) to provide the usefulness of prospectus information on the initial valuations, the underpricing and the long-run underperformance, and finally, (4) to validate the long-run underperformance using calendar-time approaches. The binary logit model, the signed predictcion errors (SPE) and the absolute prediction errors (APE) were used to explain the choice, bias and accuracy attached to each valuation methods respectively. The accounting-based valuation model was used to estimate the impact of fundamental, risk and signaling factors on the post-IPO performance. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM), Fama-French three- (FF3F) and five-factor (FF5F) models were used as robust measures to affirm the long-run underperformance anomaly. The findings document that the Pakistani underwriters repeatedly used dividend discount model (DDM), discounted cash flow (DCF) model and the comparable multiples valuation methods when valuing IPOs. The findings of SPE reveal that the DDM and DCF methods seem to be unbiased value estimators than the comparable multiples. The findings of APE document that the DCF produce more valuation accuracy than the other valuation methods. The average underpricing of 32.85% was observed in the Pakistani primary market. This research extends the underpricing analysis in various aspects such as: (1) the level of underpricing was negatively related to the firm size, (2) the underpricing of IPOs issued in the hot-issue market was significantly higher than the IPOs issued in the cold-issue market, (3) the underpricing of IPOs issued through bookbuilding was lower than the IPOs issued through the fixed price auction, (4) the underpricing of privatization IPOs was higher than the underpricing of non-privatization IPOs, (5) the underpricing of survivor IPOs was higher than the underpricing of non-survivor IPOs, XI (6) the IPOs offered in the Oil & Gas and Chemicals sectors produce more underpricing than the other sectors. The finding of initial excess returns (IER) regression analysis reveals that the earnings, financial leverage, efficiency risk, firm beta and the underwriter reputation were the key determinants to explain variation in the level of underpricing. In the long-run returns (LRR) analysis, the buy and hold abnormal returns (BHAR) produce negative returns of -23.52% and -65.22% in year 3 and year 5 respectively. On the similar pattern, the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) produce negative returns of -24.62% and -29.37% in year 3 and year 5 respectively. This study extend the long-run performance analysis in various aspects such as: (1) the IPOs issued in hot-issue market produce more negative returns than the IPOs issued during coldissue market, (2) the Automobile & Electrical Goods sector IPOs produce worst negative returns, while the Modaraba & Foods sector IPOs outperform the market in the long run, (3) the privatization IPOs outperform the market in the long run than the non-privatization IPOs. The finding of LRR regression analysis reveals that the book value of shareholder’s equity, earnings, capital availability risk, firm beta, underwriter reputation, the percentage of shares offered and initial excess returns were the significant determinants that explain the variation in the long-run returns.In the Calendar-time approach, the negative values of intercepts of CAPM, FF3F & FF5F validate the negative performance in the long run. The market risk premium was the most significant determinant in all asset pricing models, while HML-value factor (in equally-weighted FF5F) and CMA-investment factor (in value-weighted FF5F) were also significant determinants in the Fama-French five-factor models. This study is one of the few studies in IPO valuation literature that is being accomplished in a growing and transforming from loose regulated capital market to synchronize the state of affairs and first in Pakistan to investigate the explanatory power of prospectus information on IPO valuation dynamics.