رام لعل نابھوی
قارئین معارف اور اردو کے شیدائیوں کو جناب رام لعل نابھوی کے انتقال کی خبر سن کر بڑا دکھ ہوگا، وہ ہندوؤں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو اردو کو اپنی زبان اور مسلمانوں سے زیادہ اس پر اپنا حق سمجھتی تھی، وہ کہتے تھے کہ نہ زبان کا کوئی مذہب ہے اور نہ اس پر کسی قوم اور گروہ کی اجارہ داری ہے۔
پروانہ چراغِ دیر و حرم نہ داند
رام لعل صاحب بڑے زود نویس تھے مگر ان کا قلم پختہ اور منجھا ہوا تھا اور وہ موزوں طبع بھی تھے خاکہ و مزاح نگاری میں ان کو زیادہ کمال حاصل تھا لیکن ان کا اصل میدان تلاش و تحقیق تھا، پچھلے کئی برسوں سے معارف میں ان کے مضامین برابر شایع ہورہے تھے، اپنی اس کدو کاوش سے وہ یہ بتانا چاہتے تھے کہ ہندوؤں کے پُرکھوں نے اردو ہی نہیں فارسی اور عربی کی بھی مفید خدمت انجام دی ہے اور مسلمانوں کے بزرگوں کی خدمات برج بھاشا اور سنسکرت میں کم نہیں ہیں۔
ہندو مذہب میں راسخ العقیدگی کے باوجود وہ مسلمانوں سے بغض و نفرت نہیں کرتے تھے، دوسرے شریف ہندوؤں کی طرح انہیں بھی بابری مسجد مسمار کیے جانے پر بڑا دکھ تھا مگر وہ کہتے تھے کہ بعض مسلمانوں نے بھی مندر توڑے ہیں اس لیے ان واقعات کو بار بار دہرانے سے زخم ہرا ہوگا۔
دل میں درد مندی، طبیعت میں شرافت، مروت اور انکسار تھا، ایک بار لکھنؤ میں ملاقات ہوئی تو ان کی ان خوبیوں اور علم و ادب سے شغف و انہماک کا اندازہ ہوا، مجھے لے کر کئی کتب خانوں اور کتابوں کی دوکانوں پر گئے اور جلدی جلدی کچھ نوٹ تیار کیا، اس پر متاسف تھے کہ وقت کی تنگی کی وجہ سے میرے ساتھ ندوہ...
Islām is a religion of peace and it gives great importance to peace. Islamic teachings and laws are meant to create and maintain peace in the human society. But, unfortunately, Islām has been targeted as a source of terrorism, today. In this article, the author tries to defend Islām and differentiate between Jihād and terrorism. The word terrorism needs to be seen in its historical perspective. Different definitions of terrorism have been presented, but still it is an ambiguous term. In this paper, the author tries to define terrorism in the Islamic perspective. This paper discusses the points given below: m The concept of terrorism, its manifestations and types. M Encountering and prevention of terrorism from Islamic perspective. M Islām and the global brotherhood. M The punishment of terrorism. M The religious viewpoint against a cruel government. M The peaceful struggle against cruelty and injustice. Also, the difference between terrorism and jihad has been clarified. The rules and regulations of Jihād make it clear that it has nothing to do with terrorism, which is an unruly activity. A Muslim is supposed to be a peaceful citizen, who can never indulge in any act of terrorism. The rebellion against the rulers has also been discussed to draw the conclusion that it is not allowed except against the blatant kufr. The objectives of the Islamic punishments indicate the Islamic approach to minimize terrorism in the human society.
The studies to determine the role of foliar-applied potassium in alleviating the water stress associated damages in cotton were conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in collaboration with Plant Stress Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Salinity and Environmental Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2009-10. Experiments were carried out under wire house, laboratory and lysimeter conditions. The study comprised three phases. In first phase, laboratory experiments were conducted to test ten cotton genotypes obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (FH-1200, FH-945, FH-900, FH-113, FH-207) and Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan (CIM-506, CIM-473, CIM-496, CIM-554, CIM-534) for their response to PEG-induced water stress at germination and seedling stage. From these experiments one, the best performing (CIM-473) and one, the poor performing (CIM-534) genotypes were identified for further use. In second phase, these two selected genotypes were used to estimate the effect of drought stress on α-amylase and protease activities and associated biochemical changes in germinating seeds. Results indicated that α-amylase and protease, total soluble proteins, reducing and non-reducing sugars in germinating seeds were significantly influenced due to drought created by PEG-6000. The seed germinating under normal conditions exhibited higher values for all these parameters than those which were facing water stress except in case of total soluble proteins which were higher for seeds germinating under water stressed conditions. In third phase, three drought tolerant (CIM-496, CIM-473 and FH-1200) and three drought sensitive (CIM-534, CIM-554 and FH-945) varieties were used to study the effect of foliar- applied potassium (0 and 1 %) on growth, yield and yield components. Experiments were conducted in lysimeters for consecutive two years with four water levels i.e. well watered (100% FC), medium watered (80% FC), low watered (60% FC) and soil stored moisture (40% FC). Measured amount of water was applied for irrigation and water flow meters were used for this purpose. Results indicated that tolerant cotton genotype maintained higher values for growth yield and yield components. Foliar application (1%) of potassium significantly improved the drought tolerance potential, growth, yield and yield components in all cotton genotypes. However, cotton genotype CIM-473 ranked first in fiber strength, fiber length, fiber uniformity ratio, boll weight, leaf temperature and net photosynthesis rate but fiber elongation, fiber micronaire and potassium contents were higher in CIM-496. While genotype FH-1200 with the foliar application (1%) of potassium produced the highest ginning turn out, number of bolls, yield, and plant height. Foliar application of 1% as supplementary source of potassium under water stress conditions was found helpful in improving drought tolerance in cotton.