Economical production of industrial enzymes in higher yields has been an area of intensive research interest for the last many decades. In recent years, scientists have made tremendous progress in enzyme biotechnology that has opened up new opportunities for enzymes in molecular biology as well as industrial applications. Fungi belong to a group of organisms with the ability to produce different types of enzymes. The importance of fungi is not limited to their native products; they are also useful in the development and commercialization of new products through the modern techniques of mutagenesis and molecular biology. Enzyme production in higher yields is important for any biomedical or industrial application of enzymes. White rot fungi are efficient lignin degrading microorganisms that produce high activities of ligninolytic enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. Manganese peroxidase has got tremendous applications in biomass utilization, bioremediation, pulp and paper industry, food technology, nanobiotechnology and medicine. With increasing new biotechnological and industrial applications of manganese peroxidase there is dire need to search for new and hyperproduccing enzyme sources. The various techniques for developing hyperproducing fungal strains are radiation and chemical mutagenesis, and genetic engineering. Chemical mutagenesis offers the possibility of a wider and more economical technique for developing mutant strains for producing biocatalysts in industry, waste treatment, medicine, and in the development of bioprocess monitoring devices like biosensors. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts, a study was conducted to develop a hyperproducing mutants of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 through chemical mutagenesis. Two chemical mutagens ethedium bromide (EB) and ethyle methansuphonate (EMS) were used for mutational work and hyperprucing mutants in each case were selected on basis of MnP production in solid state fermentation. The physical and nutritional parameters for the production of MnP by native and selected mutants were optimized through one-factor-at-a-time optimization stratergy. Physico-chemical culture conditions, such as pH, tempature, moisture levels, inoculum size, C:N ratio, mediators and metal ions were optimized and maximum MnP activities by mutant strains EB-60 and EMS-90 were 2796 U mL -1 and 3140 U mL -1 , repectivelty, as compared to 1635 U mL -1 MnP actvity from native strain. An increase of 3.2-fold in enzyme production after mutagenesis and optimization of various parameters was achieved as compared to native strain. The MnPs produced by native and mutant strains were 1.4-5.5 fold purified through ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchangechromatography and gel filtration. The purified MnPs from from mutant strains had the molecular masses of around 43 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzymes from native , EB-60 mutant and EMS-90 mutant strains of Coriolus versicolor were compared in terms of their pH & temperature optima and kinetic characteristics. The lower K M and higher V max values from selected mutant strains suggested that the MnPs from mutants were more efficient and stable as compared to MnP from the native strain. The results of this work demostrated that the random chemical mutagenesis of Coriolus versicolor IBL-04 significantly enhanced MnP production under optimized laboratory conditions. Higher activities and thermo-stabilities of MnPs from mutant strains suggest the potential of mutant strains for commercial scale MnP production for diverse industrial applications.
ڈینگی مکاؤ مہم میں معاشرے کا کردار ڈینگی بخار ہے جو چند ماہ سے پاکستان کے عوام کے لیے خوف کی علامت بنا ہوا ہے۔ یہ بخار 1775 میں افریقہ، شمالی امریکہ اور ایشیاء میں پراسرار طور پر نمودار ہوا، اس بخار کا سبب مادہ مچھر ہوتی ہے جو کاٹتی ہے تو بخار ہو جاتاہے۔ اس بخار کے پیراسائیٹس کو پلازموڈیم کہتے ہیں۔ یہ مادہ مچھر ایک اعلیٰ ترین نسل سے منسوب کی جاتی ہے جو گندے پانی وغیرہ کو پسندنہیں کرتی بلکہ خوشنما سرسبز پھولوں ، پھلوں والے پودوں اور درختوں پرڈیرہ جماتی ہے۔ ڈینگی بخار ایک مرض ہے، جس طرح دیگر امراض سے انسان کو واسطہ پڑتا ہے اسی طرح یہ مرض بھی اپنے خونخوار پنجوں میں جکڑنے کی بھر پور کوشش کرتا ہے۔ لیکن کوئی مرض ایسا نہیں ہے کہ جس کا علاج موجود نہ ہو۔ حدیث نبوی صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمہے کہ کوئی مرض ایسانہیں ہے جس کا علاج نہ ہو، یعنی تمام مرض علاج سے ختم ہوجاتے ہیں۔ جب ایک ذی شعور انسان اس قسم کے حوالہ جات اپنے دماغ کے آنگن میں رکھتا ہے تو وہ ان عوارضات سے کبھی متاثر نہیں ہوتا وہ علاج کرتا ہے اور مسلمان ہونے کے ناطے بالخصوص اور انسان ہونے کے ناطے بالعموم شفاء من جانب اللہ کا تصور چاہتا ہے۔ اپنے اس اعتقاد کی بدولت کہ موت کا ایک دن مقرر ہے وہ اس بخار کے خوف کو اپنے نہاںخانۂ دل میں کوئی جگہ نہیں دیتا۔ اس بخار کے خاتمے میں اس قسم کے اعتقادات اور تصورات بڑی اہمیت کے حامل گردانے جاتے ہیں۔ اور یوں نفسیاتی طور پر اس سے متاثر مریض صحت یاب ہونا شروع ہو جا تا ہے۔ ڈینگی بخار کے خاتمے کے لیے معاشرتی طور پر ایک اہم رول ادا کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ واعظ ممبر رسول صلی...
The paper deals with the different styles of iltifāt found in the Holy Qur’ān and coming out with a general scheme to account for its occurrence in order to enhance the understanding of the subtleties of this feature of Qur’ān ic style. To accomplish this, the research was carried out by way of an analytical study of the instances of iltifāt in the Holy Qur’ān. As a prelude to the discussion of this subject, the research provides the meaning of iltifāt among the Arab rhetoricians and the status of iltifāt as one of the rhetorical tropes. The paper also discussed the significations of iltifāt which have already been mentioned by previous scholars, and since those scholars touched on the significations only briefly, therefore, the research strived to explore further aspects of their interpretations making an effort to highlight new significations of iltifat and an attempt to introduce a new approach in looking at the iltifāt phenomenon, in different Sura’hs of Qur’ān, to demonstrate the application of this new perspective. Finally the research shows that the occurrence of iltifÉt in the Qur’ān follows certain patterns that are related to the intended significations at the various locations where they appear in the Qur’ān.
In the recent decades, the population of the world has been increased to a greater number that is why different problems relating to food quality and food scarcity are the subject of discussion in the modern era. The main problem is to feed such a large population with a good quality food but many factors cause hindrance in achieving this task. There are many factors that lower the food quality and damage its nutritional potential. Among these factors mite pests are of immense importance which inhibat various environment including stored grains, stored products, cultivated mushroom, house dust, pollens, mosses, litter and nest of different animals. Mites (Acarina: Arachnida) are microscopic and widely distributed throughout the world. Mites’ infestation decreases grains quality by changing the proportion of nutrients. Stored grain mites are also recognized as a source of allergens by inhalation in certain occupational environments and in the domestic environment. In order to check the species distribution from Punjab, identification is the key components to acquire better management. For this purpose various localities in different ecological zones including irrigated low land, semi-arid, sub humid eastern unirrigated and sub-mountain west were surveyed. For spot collection sieve method was used while the remaining samples had been processed through Berlese''s funnel, the hypopi thus collected were mounted permanently on glass slides by using Hoyer''s medium. In this present research work 24 species were collected. Among these 16 species are new to science and 8 species were already described of the genus Acotyledon Berlese viz. Acotyledon falki, tariqi, bellulus, stremma, haripuriensis, wazirabadensis, kamokiensis and peshawariensis. Among the new species 8 are belonging to Acotyledon Berlese, viz., cicero, multaniensis, Sarwari, haroonabadensis, augokiensis, veginus, tritici and chackwalensis; 4 species were belonging to the genus Caloglyphus Oudemans viz. pejowaliensis, sativum, jaranwalaensis and aurangensis; 1 species was belonging to genus Forcellinia Berlese viz. Chounawalaensis, 3 species was belonging to genus Histiostoma Kramer viz. mungus, balkasarensis and arshadi. Description, host range and distribution records of all these species are given in the following pages of this manuscript. Dendrograms of all the species from Pakistan in each genus are also prepared by using multivariate cluster analysis. The phenatic relationship of all known species from Pakistan has been worked out by cluster analysis using average linkage method and Euclidean distance by applying computer program Minitab.