Heat stress is a challenging issue for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical location of Pakistan is sub-tropic. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of housing strategies on the production performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during period of early (March and April), mid (hot-dry: May and June; hot-humid: July and August) and late summer (September and October). The study was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Livestock Experiment Station (LES), Bhunike, Distt. Kasur, Punjab. Mature lactating multiparous (3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th parity) Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n=20) with similar level of milk production and stage of lactation were selected from the herds maintained at LES, Pattoki. Buffaloes were divided into four different treatment groups with 5 buffaloes in each group. Animals were re-randomized after each experiment to balance for milk production and stage of lactation. Group A was kept under roof shade only; B was given anti-stress product (dry yeast powder; saccharomyces cerevisiae); C under fans and group D buffaloes kept under showers and fans, provided with roof shades. During early-summer (Experiment-1) temperature humidity index (THI) value was recorded as 73.1 and 81.0 during months of March and April, respectively. Significant (P<0.01) higher milk production (MP; liter) was achieved in shower group (D; 8.37±0.08) as compared to A (7.97±0.10), B (8.07±0.08) and C group (8.14±0.09). Similarly, dry matter intake (DMI; kg) value was noted high as 15.8±0.11 (P<0.05) for shower group (D) as compared to 14.3±0.11, 14.5±0.12 and 15.6±0.09 for group A, B and C, respectively. Cost per liter of milk was higher for group C and B and were lower than the margins achieved with increased milk production. During hot-dry summer (May-June; Experiment-2), milk production (MP; liter) was significantly (P<0.01) high in shower group (D; 7.33±0.10) as compared to A (6.39±0.13), B (6.52±0.09) and C group (6.95±0.11) whereas, THI value were 85.6 and 87.6 for May and June, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI; Kg) was significantly (P<0.05) high (15.4±0.16 kg) for Shower group (D). However, cost of production (cost/liter of milk) was lower for shower group (D) buffaloes. In the hot-humid climatic conditions (July-August; Experiment-3) daily milk production (MP; liter) was noted and values were found as 4.61±0.06, 5.00±0.08, 5.12±0.08 and 5.80±0.09 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D during hot-humid summer (Significantly higher in group D; P<0.05). Similarly, the value for DMI (Kg) was found as 13.02±0.09, 14.11±0.08, 14.32±0.13 and 15.21±0.16 for the treatment groups A, B, C and D, respectively (Significantly higher in group D; P<0.05). Respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and pulse rate (PR) were significantly (P<0.01) lower for group D during hot-dry and hot-humid summer, as compared to other groups. In the late summer, Milk production (MP; liter) and DMI (Kg) were significantly (P<0.01) lower for control group (A) as compared to other treatment groups (B, C and D) whereas, cost per liter of milk was more during mid. and late summer. The findings from these studies strongly imply the application of cooling measures especially during mid-summer (hot-dry and hot-humid) and late summer. While increased milk production was also seen in early summer, the additional costs of feed and cooling netted lower margins than shade alone. Keywords: Nili-Ravi, milk production, heat stress, dry matter intake
مولانا عبدالعزیز میمنی راجکوٹی عربی زبان و ادب سے دلچسپی رکھنے والوں کے لئے مولانا عبدالعزیز میمنی کی وفات بڑی افسوس ناک ہے، انھوں نے خاصی طویل عمر پائی، انتقال کے وقت ۹۶ برس کے تھے، لیکن عربی علم و ادب اور تاریخ و تحقیق کے میدان میں ان کا جو مرتبہ تھا، اس کی بناء پر درازی عمر کے باوجود ان کا انتقال بہت محسوس ہوگا، اور عرصہ دراز تک انھیں یاد کیا جاتا رہے گا۔ وہ ۱۸۸۹ء میں راجکوٹ (کاٹھیاواڑ) میں پیدا ہوئے، عنفوان شباب میں تحصیل علم کے لئے دہلی کا سفر کیا، اور وہاں ایک عرصہ تک تحصیل علم میں مشغول رہے، انھوں نے باقاعدہ کسی درس گاہ سے سند فراغ نہ لی تھی، لیکن اہل کمال کی خدمت میں رہ کر عربی ادب میں کمال پیدا کیا، شیخ طیب عرب سے مدتوں اکتساب فیض کیا، ڈپٹی نذیر احمد سے بھی کافی استفادہ کیا، مطالعہ کتب کا خاص اہتمام تھا، اس طرح کامل دستگاہ حاصل کرلی اور اقران و اماثل میں ممتاز سمجھے جانے لگے، تلاش معاش کے لئے پہلے اسلامیہ کالج پشاور پہنچے، وہاں عربی کے استاد کی حیثیت سے کچھ عرصہ تک درس و تدریس کی ملازمت انجام دی، اپریل ۱۹۲۱ء میں اورینٹل کالج لاہور میں ایڈیشنل مولوی کی حیثیت سے ایک سو روپیہ ماہوار تنخواہ پر تقرر ہوا، یہاں کی علمی و ادبی فضا نے ان کی خوابیدہ صلاحیتوں کو بیدار کیا، چنانچہ درس و تدریس کے ساتھ تصنیف و تحقیق کا ذوق پروان چڑھا، چار سال بعد آخر ۱۹۲۵ء میں یہاں سے علی گڑھ چلے آئے، پہلے شعبۂ عربی میں استاد ہوئے، پھر صدر شعبہ ہوگئے، ۱۹۴۹ء میں یہاں سے ریٹائر ہوکر کراچی چلے گئے، وہاں کراچی یونیورسٹی کے قیام پر شعبۂ عربی کے صدر منتخب ہوئے، یہاں سے سبکدوشی کے بعد اکتوبر ۱۹۵۴ء میں مرکزی ادارۂ تحقیقات اسلامی کے پہلے اعزازی...
Buddhism is dominated by such other characteristics as sympathy, pity, and kindness. Furthermore, it forbids all kind of cruelty, violence, murder, brutality, and giving pain to any living creature. However, contrary to his teachings, the way his followers have targeted the Rohingya Muslims with violence and atrocities only shows how little they follow Gautama Buddha. Right from the independence of Burma, Buddhists, declaring Muslims as a threat, started their genocide, which involved attacking their mosques, their homes, dishonoring Muslim women, and harassing the Muslims without any reason. This compelled Muslims to leave their homes and migrate. The recent wave of violence, starting in June 2012, seriously affected the Muslim majority province of Arakan. Keeping in mind, Arakan is one of the fourteen Burmese provinces, where Islam have ruled since the time of Isalmic Caliphate. Unfortunately, in 1784, Burmese Prince Bodo Phia violated this garden of Islam by carrying out Muslim genocide. He banned all symbols of Islam such as pilgrimage, sacrifice, prayers, Friday and Eid Prayers, and preaching. This study points out the religious problems and issues of Muslims believers in Arakan including its impact, causes and consequences on their lives. The analytical research Methodolgy has been adopted in this studty.
Composite nano-films of TiO2-Ge were grown by ‘pulsed laser deposition’ (PLD) technique on Si wafers while deposition conditions were changed. Firstly single run deposition for a longer time (30 min) with varying Ge concentration in N and p-type polished Si wafers. Secondly films were deposited as single, bi- and tri-layers on n-type polished and unpolished Si wafers such that each layer was deposited for 5 mins. In the first batch of samples target-substrate distance was varied to find its effect on optoelectronic properties of film. It was observed that Ge concentration decreased as target-substrate separation was increased. Also substrate type and separation between target and substrate effected the crystallinity, optical & electrical response of film. On p-type (111) Si wafer thin films showed dominant amorphous behaviour with decreasing Ge concentration. Thin films deposited on Si wafer showed an improvement in crystallinity as target-substrate distance was increased resulting in decrease in crystallite size, increase in defects and strains. Raman spectroscopic results and EDX analysis confirmed the Ge presence in all the samples. Ge identification in Raman and its non-identification through XRD may possibly be due to non-crystalline nature of Ge. Composite nature was identified by the Ge peak related to cubic structure rather than tetragonal (i.e. did not follow crystalline structure of TiO2) i.e. no doping occurred. Films grown at a distance of 6 cm from the target showed better optoelectronic properties which exhibited minimum reflectance but maximum direct and indirect absorption transitions it is also confirmed by its photoluminescence (PL) response. It has a constant refractive index with a stable extinction coefficient. This film demonstrated a positive dielectric constant and a negligible dielectric loss confirming its stable optoelectronic behaviour which was confirmed by its I-V response. Better optoelectronic response for the above mentioned film can be positively due to strains and size reduction of crystallite size. In the second batch of experiment single, di- and tri-layered composite films were grown on polished and n-type unpolished Si (100) wafer. Amorphous nature was observed dominantly in all the samples. Di-layered film deposited on polished n-type Si wafer showed a better optical response which is due to minimum variation in its n. Maximum direct and indirect transitions are also observed in it and a broad PL peak is observed around 2-3.5 eV. Although it does not show better electrical properties as compared to tri-layered thin films but overall optoelectronic response of this film is better as compared to other samples. The reason may be the outcome of crystalline nature of film. Thin films (for 5 min) shows reduced crystallinity and hence optoelectronic response in comparison to that for 30 min, this variance can be attributed to the reduced thickness of film. Single layer film has variable n responsible for lower dielectric constant and hence lowest electrical response.