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Productivity of Maize Zea Mays L. under Various Agro-Management Techniques

Thesis Info

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Author

Hassan, Mahmood Ul

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1177

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727034557

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Studies on productivity of maize hybrid under varying row spacing, time and method of nitrogen application and irrigation methods to maize were conducted at Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during autumn 2006 and 2007. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment I, row spacing; S 1 (60 cm spaced single rows), S 2 (90 cm spaced double row strips), S 3 (90 cm spaced single rows) and S 4 (135 cm spaced double row strips) were randomized in main plots while two methods of nitrogen application; N 1 (broadcast) and N 2 (band placement) were placed in sub plots. In Experiment II, three methods of irrigation application; I 1 (flood irrigation, I 2 (each furrow irrigation) and I 3 (alternate furrow irrigation) were kept in main plots while time of nitrogen application; N 1 (control), N 2 (1⁄2 N at sowing and 1⁄2 at Ist irrigation), N 3 (1⁄2 N at sowing and 1⁄2 at 45 DAS) and N 4 ( 1 / 3 N at sowing + 1 / 3 at Ist irrigation and 1 / 3 at 45 DAS) were randomized in sub plots. Results revealed that maize crop planted in 2006 performed better than that grown in 2007. On an average of two years, the crop planted at 90 cm spaced double row strips produced higher grain yield (6.31 t ha -1 ) which was 17.91, 10.35 and 8.24% higher compared to 60 cm spaced single rows, 90 cm spaced single rows and 135 cm spaced double row strips along with more number of grains cob -1 , higher 1000-grain weight and more grain weight per cob. Days taken to 50 % tasseling and silking were delayed in S 1 over rest of three row spacing. S 2 exhibited higher LAI, TDM, CGR and NAR followed by S 4 . Crude starch and protein content in grains were also found maximum in S 2 . Whereas the band placement of nitrogen produced higher grain yield (two years average 6.04 t ha -1 ), more number of grains per cob, number of cobs per plant, higher 1000- grain weight and more grain weight per cob over broadcast method. Band placement of N also produced taller plants and delayed tasseling and silking over broadcast. Similarly, higher LAI, TDM, CGR and NAR were recorded in band placement of nitrogen than broadcast. Moreover, the band placement of N was also found to be superior with maximum crude starch and protein content in grains over broadcast. On an average of two years, the highest net income (Rs. 72376 ha -1 and Rs. 67226 ha -1 ) was recorded in 90 cm spaced xviiidouble row strips (I 2 ) and band placement of nitrogen application (N 1 ), respectively. In 2 nd experiment, on an average of two years the irrigation to each furrow (I 2 ) produced more grain yield (6.08 t ha -1 ), harvest index, number of cobs plant -1 , grain weight cob -1 and higher 1000- grain weight compared to flood irrigation (I 2 ) and alternate furrow irrigation (I 3 ) . Similarly, the crop taken more days to tessel and silking in I 2 . I 2 exhibited higher LAI, TDM, CGR and NAR than rest of two irrigation methods. On an average of two years, three equal splits of (N 3 ) viz, 1/3 N at sowing + 1/3 at Ist irrigation and 1/3 at 45 DAS produced higher grain yield (5.72 t ha -1 ), more harvest index, more number of grains cob -1 , more number of cobs plant -1 , higher 1000- grain weight, more grain weight cob -1 . Days taken to tasseling and silking were delayed in N 3 . Likewise, higher LAI, TDM, CGR and NAR were recorded in case of N 3 . Crude starch and protein content in grains were found to be more in N 3 followed by N 2 and N 1 . Maximum nitrogen use efficiency (two years average 7.56 kg kg -1 and 8.93 kg kg -1 ) was recorded in irrigation to each furrow and N 3 , respectively. On average of two years, the I 2 x N 3 treatment combination was found superior with higher grain yield (6.75 t ha -1 ), nitrogen use efficiency (10.94 kg kg -1 ) and water use efficiency (16.63 kg ha -1 mm - 1 ) amongst many others. The irrigation to maize crop by each furrow with nitrogen application in three equal splits (at sowing, Ist irrigation and at 45 DAS) gave maximum net income amounting to Rs. 80509 ha -1 . For getting higher yield and economic returns, maize hybrids should be preferably planted at 90 cm spaced double row strips with three equal splits along with band application of nitrogen in three equal splits.
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پروفیسر باور

پروفیسر باور
پچھلے مارچ میں جرمنی کے ہالے یونیورسٹی کے علوم مشرقیہ کے پروفیسر باور کا انتقال ہوگیا، وہ لسانیات کے ماہر تھے، وہ یورپ کی تقریباً جملہ زبانوں کے جاننے کے علاوہ ساری سامی زبانوں سے واقف تھے اور تورانی زبانوں خصوصاً چینی زبان میں خاص مہارت رکھتے تھے۔ اس حیرت انگیز وسیع لسانیاتی واقفیت کے سبب سے وہ راس شمرہ کی کھدائیوں میں بعض نئے خطوں کے کتبوں کے برآمد ہونے پر ان کو حل کرسکے، ماسوف علیہ کو امام غزالی کی احیاء العلوم سے خاص دلچسپی تھی، اس کے متفرق ابواب کے ترجمے اکثر شائع کرایا کرتے تھے، اسلامی علم مرایا و مناظر پر بھی بعض اچھے مضمون لکھے تھے، انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے شریک ناشر بھی تھے اور فلک، حاء، حفص الفرد، وغیرہ عنوانوں پر اس میں مقالے لکھے تھے، ’’حرف تہجی کی ابتداء‘‘ پر ان کی ایک جرمن تالیف اس وقت مطبع میں ہے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۷ء)

 

طبی میدان عمل میں ضرورت کی بنیاد پر رخصت کا اطلاق

This research article discusses optimal concessions (Al-Rukhsa) in light of the views of Jursists  in medical context. The study adopted an analytical method to analyze Quranic Verses, Ahadith and the principles of Fiqh and reliable classical juristic writings  related to this particular topic. The study came up with several results and one of the important results is the emphasis on the permissiblity of the idea of looking for the optimal concessions to be acceptable if certain conditions and criteria are duly fulfilled. It also conclude that the reforms of islamic laws as well as juristic thoughts in the modern era can not oppose the Islamic fundamentals related to the idea of religious information as long as that refarmation does not atter the fundamentals of Islam.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Bioactive Palladium Ii Complexes

In the present study, 62 heteroleptic Pd(II) complexes have been synthesized by reacting PdCl2 with sodium dithiocarbamate salt and different organophosphine in mixed solvent system of methanol and acetone. The different dithiocarbamate ligands used were sodium salt of dibenzylcarbamodithioate (L1), (4-chlorobenzyl)(4-methylbenzyl)carbamodithioate (L2), benzyl(cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-ylmethyl)carbamodithioate (L3), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-carbamodithioate (L4), 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbamodithioate (L5), dimethylcarbamodithioate (L6), diethylcarbamodithioate (L7), and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamodithioate (L8). The organophosphines used were triphenylphosphine, diphenyl-p-tolylphosphine, tri-p-tolylphosphine, tris-p-chlorophenylphosphine, tris-p-fluorophenylphosphine, tri-o-tolylphosphine, tri-m-tolylphosphine, tris(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, chlorodiphenylphosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane. These complexes were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques like elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C and 31P) NMR and single crystal XRD. DFT calculations were also carried out for some representative complexes (1-10). The neutral complexes (1-42) showed a pseudo square planar geometry around palladium metal with two cis sites occupied by a bidentate dithiocarbamate moiety forming four-membered chelate ring (PdS2C) and the remaining two are occupied by a chloride and a monodentate organophosphine. However, in the cationic complexes (43-58) the latter cis positions are occupied by the phosphorous atoms of the bidentate organophosphine. The chlorodiphenylphosphine was oxidized in the aforementioned solvent system and unexpected products were obtained with two phosphine oxide attached to the metal center through phosphorous in cis position (59-62). Some of the representative ligands and complexes were screened for in vitro cytotoxic activity against human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) using MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide methods using doxorubicin as standard drugs. Generally, the heteroleptic Pd(II) complexes comprising bidentate organophosphine, {1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane}, fluoro and iv uncoordinated group (carbonyl and oxygen) were found to be most active as compared to the standard drug (doxorubicin). The selected Pd(II) complexes were also evaluated to check their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp assay. The highest activity was found for compounds containing oxygen and fluoro substituents.