MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous and non-protein coding RNAs that are 18-26 nucleotides (nt) in length. The main function of the miRNAs is to negatively control the protein coding sequences at post-transcriptional level. By nature majority of the miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved. This conserved nature provides the logic to predict the new miRNAs orthologus in a number of plant species. In plants, miRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes from growth and development to biotic and abiotic stresses with metabolism, apoptosis and cell signaling. In the current dissertation, various computational tools were used for the profiling and characterization of new conserved miRNAs and their targets in four important vegetables of Solanaceae viz: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Consequently, a total of 393 miRNAs (belonging to 364 miRNA families) were discovered from the mining of 7,63,564 express sequence tags (ESTs). Of which, 120 miRNAs (110 miRNA families) were from potato, 109 miRNAs (106 miRNA families) from tomato, 88 miRNAs (81 miRNA families) from chilli and 76 miRNAs (67 miRNA families) were from eggplant. In this study, a total of three miRNA genes were found as pre-miRNA clusters, where, two belong to chilli (can-mir-8019 and can-mir-8036) and one is from potato (stu-mir-6164). One potato miRNA family stu-mir-8123 was also found both as an antisense (mir8123a) and sense (mir8123b). A total of thirty randomly selected miRNAs were subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) validation studies. Furthermore, a total of 1592 protein targets were also predicted for these newly profiled miRNAs. These predicted protein targets were classified as: transcription factor, stress related, disease related, growth and development, hypothetical protein, transporters, signaling pathways, metabolism and structural protein. All of these newly identified miRNAs were reported in tomato, potato, eggplant and chilli for the first time. These results will serve as reference data to improve the regulation, management, and modification of these economically important crops at the molecular level. This will also help us to improve solanum plants for production and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in the near future.
The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.
In the last decade, wireless LANs (WLANs) based on the IEEE 802.11 standards have become ubiquitous in our daily lives. During this time we have seen more than 10-fold increase in usage and the number of wireless devices. To satisfy ever increasing demands, physical layer (PHY) data rates in WLANs have scaled from a few Mbits/sec in 802.11g to hundreds of Mbits/sec in IEEE 802.11n to over Gbits/sec in the IEEE 802.11ac standard. In addition, due to the emergence of popular online services, such as YouTube and Netflix, there has been persistent traffic growth due to real-time applications (e.g., video streaming). These trends bring about new performance challenges that are likely to become problematic for high-speed WLANs: These challenges include (a) achieving high user-level throughputs at high PHY data rates and (b) meeting the quality of service requirements of diverse applications (e.g., video streaming, web surfing, and bulk transfers) when they co-exist in a WiFi network. Due to the shared nature of the wireless medium, a carrier sensing based random access protocol is used in all 802.11-based standards. To arbitrate access to the channel, wireless access protocols introduce overheads like backoffs, preambles, and acknowledgements that lower performance efficiency at high data rates thereby resulting in low throughput. To address this inefficiency, recentWiFi standards (e.g., 802.11n/ac) allow (a) frame aggregation, whereby multiple frames are transmitted as a single aggregate frame on every channel access, and (b) block acknowledgements, whereby a single frame is to used for acknowledging the receipt of several frames. These features amortize the contention overhead over multiple frames and thus improve efficiency. At high data rates, frame aggregation introduces two challenges. First, sending large aggregate frames in a single transmission increases the opportunity cost of losing a frame, which leads to greater degradation in performance. In WiFi networks, frame losses can occur due to a weak signal, collisions, or hidden nodes. The MAC layer should respond differently to different types of losses. To achieve high performance, it is essential to infer the cause of frame loss accurately. We propose, implement and evaluate BLMon, a framework for loss differentiation that uses loss patterns within aggregate frames and their retries to achieve loss differentiation accurately and with low overhead. The second challenge arises in the presence of a mix of traffic, ranging from delay sensitive real-time applications to bulk file transfers that require high throughput. We show that using QoS mechanisms in high-speed WLANs presents a tradeoff between maximizing the performance of real-time applications and achieving high throughput. We design SlickFi; a service differentiation scheme that addresses this tradeoff and simultaneously maximizes the performance of real-time applications and network throughput. SlickFi achieves this by (a) isolating different types of traffic in non-overlapping parts of the spectrum by mapping them to different radios; and (b) adapting channel width on a per-frame basis to make efficient use of the wireless channel. The proposed solutions are readily deployable on commodity devices using only software level changes. We demonstrate the validity of our solutions by performance evaluation over a real testbed in diverse scenarios.