نظرات فقهية و اقتصادية في استحالة النجاسات

The aim of this study is to determine the possibility of using waste in the event of mixed with contaminants and impurities. The study aimed at extracting the legal ruling to sell the waste whether to use it in the industries as raw materials or to sell it for the purpose of landfill. The study presented the jurisprudential discussions of ancient scientists regarding the Impurities alteration (Istihlet al njasat) and sale it as well as its development in the discussion of the entry of residues that may contain impurities in industries that fall within the sphere of human consumption or within the production cycle as raw materials. The study dealt with the subject of its jurisprudence and economic dimensions to achieve the goal of research in the subject.  

Influence of Silicon on Growth and Some Physiological Attributes of Maize Zea Mays L. under Salt Stress

Three independent experiments were carried out in hydroponic and sand cultures to explore the alleviating effects of different levels of silicon (Si) on growth related attributes and some vital physio-chemical characteristics in two maize cultivars exposed to NaCl-induced salinity stress. Each experiment comprised two maize cultivars (Sadaf and Sahiwal-2002), two salt concentrations (0 and 120 mM NaCl) with varied Si concentrations. Initially, nine Si levels (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8 and 3.2 mM) were used for optimization of Si levels in Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Silicic acid [Si(OH) 4 ] was used as a source of Si. Four Si levels (0, 1, 2 and 4 mM) were selected from the optimization experiment, which then were employed for major experimentation. Interactive effect of Si and salt on growth, gas exchange characteristics, plant pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, biochemical parameters like proline, total phenolics, H 2 O 2 , MDA, antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD and SOD) and ion accumulation (Na + , Ca 2+ , K + , Cl - and Si) were determined. Exogenous application of Si improved the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, membrane stability, and antioxidant activities and alleviated the toxic effect of Na + ion via improving plant K + , water status, photosynthetic efficiency, membrane stability and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Of various levels, 1 or 2 mM Si were found more effective in this regard under control conditions. However, under stressful environment, 4 mM of Si gave maximum protection against salt stress. Of yield attributes, a positive association was found between Si application and grain yield per plant, although, Si made no change in 100-grain weight. Conclusively, Si had a positive impact on overall health of plant especially under stressed environment and was found effective in the enhancement of salinity tolerance of maize plants.