The current research was designed to explore the psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance of typical siblings of children with autism. It was hypothesized that: the typical siblings of children with autism would show poorer psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance than the siblings of normal children; the mothers of children with autism would experience more depression, stress and anxiety than mothers of normal children; the family environment of these children would be poorer; maternal depression, anxiety, stress and family environment would predict psychological adjustment, self concept and academic performance of the typical siblings. The study was quantitative and used a between group design. The total sample comprised of 310 participants with 5 subsets i.e. Children with autism (n=62), their typical siblings (n=62), their mothers (n=62); normal controls i.e. siblings of normal children (n=62) and their mothers (n=62). CARS (Childhood Autism Rating Scale) was used to assess the severity of autism. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ, Urdu translated version), Piers Harris Self Concept Scale and Ravens Progressive Matrices were used to assess the psychological adjustment, self concept and mental ability of the siblings respectively. The academic performance of siblings was assessed through the mean of their past two results. Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) was used to assess mothers‟ psychological health while the Family environment was assessed through Family Environment Scale (FES). The data was analyzed using independent sample t test, correlation coefficient, hierarchical regression analysis and path analysis. Psychological adjustment and self concept of typical siblings of children with autism were significantly poorer than siblings of normal children. The mothers of children with autism were more stressed out than the mothers of normal children. Presence of a child with autism was a significant predictor of psychological mal-adjustment, emotional symptoms, conduct problems and peer related problems in their siblings, poor self concept, behavioral mal-adjustment and scholastic status, popularity, happiness and satisfaction of siblings. Maternal stress, lack of acceptance and care and conflict within the family environment moderated the relationship between child with autism and psychological adjustment of their siblings. Results of path analysis revealed significant effect of maternal depression on psychological adjustment, pro- social behavior and academic performance; and of maternal stress on pro-social behavior and self-concept of siblings. Family conflict showed significant effect on psychological adjustment and pro-social behavior; family control showed significant effect on self-concept. Implications of these findings for clinicians, mental health professionals and researchers have been discussed with focus on the Pakistani cultural context.
شاہدؔ شاذ(۱۹۷۰ء پ) شاہدؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ آدم کے ناگرہ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ نے ایم ۔فل اردو علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی اسلام آبادسے کیا ہے۔ آپ نے عملی زندگی کا آغاز گورنمنٹ ڈگری کالج ڈسکہ سے لیکچرار کے عہدے پر فائز ہوتے ہوئے کیا۔ آپ ڈسکہ کی ادبی او ر ثقافتی تنظیم بزمِ علم و ادب کے بانیوں میں شمار ہوتے ہیں۔ اس تنظیم کا آغاز ۱۹۸۸ء میں ہوا(۱۱۵۵) شاہد شاذ عبدالعزیز پرواز اور شاہد جعفری سے شاعری میں اصلاح لیتے تھے(۱۱۵۶)انھیں فکر کے ساتھ ساتھ شعر کو پورے فنی محاسن کے ساتھ صفحہ قرطاس پر اُتارنے میں کمال حاصل ہے۔ آپ نے غزل ،نظم ،قطعہ، گیت اورنعت میں طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ اُن کا نعت کہنے کا انداز بڑا بھرپور اور تاثر انگیز ہے۔ غزل میں وہ اپنے محبوب کی خوبصورتی اور محبوبیت کا ذکر اچھوتے انداز میں کرتے ہیں اور اس کے حسن و جمال کے معدوم ہونے کی بات بھی کرتے ہیں۔ وہ صرف حسنِ بُتاں اور عشق تپاں کے ہی قائل نہیں بلکہ وہ زندگی کی اس جہت کے بھی شاہد ہیں۔ جہاں انسان کی مجبوریاں حسنِ لطیف کو بھول کر حقائق کی ان سنگلاخ چٹانوں کو عبور کرتی ہیں۔جہاں اس کی بنیادی ضرورتوں کے محدود ذرائع معدوم ہو جاتے ہیں۔ شاہد شاذ محبت کے سفر میں اپنی انا کا زاد راہ پاس رکھنے والے انسان ہیں۔ وہ کسی بھی میدان میں اپنی انا کے آئینے کو ٹھیس نہیں پہنچنے دیتے اور نہ ہی وہ اپنی انا کی لو کو کسی بھی پہلو سے کسی طورپر مدھم ہونے دیتے ہیں۔غزل اور نظم کے پہلو بہ پہلو وہ قطعہ لکھنے میں بھی اپنی ایک پہچان رکھتے ہیں۔ وہ زندگی کے ان احساسات کی نشاندہی کرتے ہیں جن سے ہمارے معاشرے کا انسان لاچار ہے۔
Islam always emphasizes to use legal ways and means of earning. In contrary the legal and illegal sources of income have been explained in detail. The “Right of invention” is one of the most discussed issues among the Islamic Jurists. This right is related to the intellectual skills and capabilities of people. However, internationally intellectual property is a known concept that associates with right of publication, right of trademark, patent and right of goodwill et cetera. However, research must be conducted on inquiring rights of intellectual property in Islamic Sharia and comparison of these rights with those in Western laws. In this paper the historical review of the intellectual properly has been presented. Similarly, those various types and concerned ruling have been discussed in contrast with the Islamic and western law on descriptive research methods.
In this thesis, we prove some fixed point theorems in various spaces with applications. We discuss the uniqueness and existence of a fixed point in a dislocated metric and dislocated quasi metric spaces. Several results of fixed point under different kind of contractive assumptions are introduced that generalize and unify a number of related results in the existing literature. Some important examples are presented to support our main results. We also establish some fixed point theorems in ordered cone b–metric spaces. These new results generalize and unify numerous popular theorems in literature to ordered cone b–metric spaces. Several auxiliary examples are also provided. Some new theorems of fixed point are established in G–metric spaces by using integral type contraction with supporting examples and applications. We also analyze the Ulam type stability to some families of function equations via fixed point theory. In particular, of certain delay Volterra integro–differential equations are established by using a fixed point method in a generalized complete metric spaces. We provide some examples of our established results. After applying the idea of fixed point technique, we examine the Hyers–Ulam stability and the Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability of impulsive Volterra integral equations in complete generalized metric spaces.